Robust Face Recognition Under Advanced Occlusion Proposal of an Approach Based on Skin Detection and Eigenfaces

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Digital Technologies and Applications (ICDTA 2022)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems ((LNNS,volume 455))

Included in the following conference series:

  • 847 Accesses

Abstract

Facial occlusion is a critical problem in many face recognition applications. It complicates the process of automatic face recognition because many factors such as occluded facial region, shape occlusion, occluded region color, and occlusion position are variable. Existing face recognition approaches that deal with occlusion issues focus mainly on classic facial accessories. In this paper, we consider occlusions types well studied in the literature (sunglasses, neck warmer, beard, hair, etc.) as well as other occlusions, which are not studied extensively. We assess the Eigenface method in the presence of occlusions and we develop an original optimal approach of simple and more robust facial recognition allowing operating the Eigenfaces method even for occluded faces in more advanced conditions. For this, we have combined skin detection and the Eigenface method. We validated our method on several facial occlusions using FEI database containing several types of faces.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Jain, A.K., Li, S.Z.: Handbook of Face Recognition, vol. 1. Springer, New York (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-932-1

  2. Georghiades, A.S., Belhumeur, P.N., Kriegman, D.J.: From few to many: illumination cone models for face recognition under variable lighting and pose. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(6), 643–660 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  3. George, F.P., Shaikat, I.M., Ferdawoos, P.S., et al.: Recognition of emotional states using EEG signals based on time-frequency analysis and SVM classifier. Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 9(2), 2088–8708 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Samal, A., Iyengar, P.A.: Automatic recognition and analysis of human faces and facial expressions: a survey. Pattern Recogn. 25(1), 65–77 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Zhang, T., et al.: Face recognition under varying illumination using gradientfaces. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 18(11), 2599–2606 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. Turk, M., Pentland, A.: Eigenfaces for recognition. J. Cogn. Neurosic. 3, 71–86 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Belhumeur, P.N., Hespanha, J.P., Kriegman, D.J.: Eigenfaces vs. fisherfaces: recognition using class specific linear projection. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 19(7), 711–720 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Tan, X., et al.: Recognizing partially occluded, expression variant faces from single training image per person with SOM and soft k-NN ensemble. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 16(4), 875–886 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Park, B.G., Lee, K.M., Lee, S.U.: Face recognition using face-ARG matching. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 27(12), 1982–1988 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Jia, H., Martinez, A.M.: Support vector machines in face recognition with occlusions, In: 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 136–141 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Yang, M., Zhang, L.: Gabor feature based sparse representation for face recognition with gabor occlusion dictionary. In: Daniilidis, K., Maragos, P., Paragios, N. (eds.) ECCV 2010. LNCS, vol. 6316, pp. 448–461. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15567-3_33

  12. Jaiswal, S.: Comparison between face recognition algorithm-eigenfaces, fisherfaces and elastic bunch graph matching. J. Glob. Res. Comput. Sci. 2(7), 187–193 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hussain Shah, J., et al.: Robust face recognition technique under varying illumination. J. Appl. Res. Technol. 13(1), 97–105 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Thomaz, C.E.: FEI face database. FEI Face Database Available (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Pham-Ngoc, P.T., Huynh, Q.L.: Robust face detection under challenges of rotation, pose and occlusion, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, Hochiminh University of Technology, Vietnam (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Jaiswal, V., Sharma, V., Varma, S.: An implementation of novel genetic based clustering algorithm for color image segmentation. Telkomnika 17(2), 1461–1467 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Osman, M.Z., Maarof, M.A., Rohani, M.F., et al.: A multi-color based features from facial images for automatic ethnicity identification model. Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci. 18(3), 1383–1390 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Alksasbeh, M.Z., Al-omari, A.H., Alqaralleh, B.A.Y., et al.: Smart hand gestures recognition using K-NN based algorithm for video annotation purposes. Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci. 21(1), 242–252 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Singh, V., Aswani, D.: Face detection in hybrid color space using HBF-KNN. In: Tiwari, B., Tiwari, V., Das, K.C., Mishra, D.K., Bansal, J.C. (eds.) Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Advancement on Computer and Communication. LNNS, vol. 34, pp. 489–498. Springer, Singapore (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8198-9_52

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  20. Al-Shehri, S.A.: A simple and novel method for skin detection and face locating and tracking. In: Masoodian, M., Jones, S., Rogers, B. (eds.) APCHI 2004. LNCS, vol. 3101, pp. 1–8. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27795-8_1

  21. Jaiswal, V., Sharma, V., Varma, S.: MMFO: modified moth flame optimization algorithm for region based RGB color image segmentation. Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 10(1), 196 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lumini, A., Nanni, L.: Fair comparison of skin detection approaches on publicly available datasets. Expert Syst. Appl. 160, 113677 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kovac, J., Peer, P., Solina, F.: Human skin color clustering for face detection, vol. 2. IEEE (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Osman, G., Hitam, M.S., Ismail, M.N.: Enhanced skin colour classifier using RGB ratio model. ar**v preprint ar**v:1212.2692 (2012)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Faouzia Ennaama .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Ennaama, F., Benhida, K., Ennaama, S. (2022). Robust Face Recognition Under Advanced Occlusion Proposal of an Approach Based on Skin Detection and Eigenfaces. In: Motahhir, S., Bossoufi, B. (eds) Digital Technologies and Applications. ICDTA 2022. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 455. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-02447-4_45

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Navigation