Changing Environment and the Political Ecology of Authenticity in Heritage Tourism: A Case of the Ovahimba and the Ju/’Hoansi-San Living Museums in Namibia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Southern African Perspectives on Sustainable Tourism Management

Part of the book series: Geographies of Tourism and Global Change ((GTGC))

  • 548 Accesses

Abstract

Living museums are an exhibitionary museological format, which relies on a demonstration of everyday practices and is characterised by live interpretation. They are often established for stimulating socio-economic development in peripheral areas that offer limited livelihood options for rural communities. For tourists, living museums aim to offer a tactile experience of local culture and history while creating both narrative and physical spaces for visitors to insert themselves within the cultural production of heritage. However, while being spaces produced for touristic experiences, an important dimension of living museums and heritage tourism, in general, is the idea of authenticity. This chapter discusses how the heritage elements are produced and displayed by utilising the examples of Ovahimba and the Ju/’Hoansi-San living museums in Namibia. Furthermore, the chapter analyses how the displayed heritage tourism and its produced authenticity have been affected by environmental changes at the case study sites. The chapter utilises a political ecology perspective to understand the intertwined nature of local culture, ways of living and the environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Azarya, V. (2004). Globalisation and international tourism in develo** countries: Marginality as a commercial commodity. Current Sociology, 52(6), 949–967. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392104046617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, A. (2007). Anthropology and the bushman. Berg Publishers.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, E., & Bryman, A. (2011). Research methodology: Business and management contexts. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biesele, M. (1986). How hunter-gatherers’ stories make sense: Semantics and adaption. Cultural Anthropology, 1(2), 157–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blapp, M., & Mitas, O. (2019). The role of authenticity in rural creative tourism. In N. Duxbury & G. Richards (Eds.), A research agenda for creative tourism (pp. 28–41). Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bollig, M. (2016). Towards an arid Eden? Boundary-making, governance and benefit sharing and the political ecology of the new commons of Kunene region, Northern Namibia. International Journal of the Commons, 10(2), 771–799. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bollig, M., & Heinemann, H. (2002). Nomadic savages, ochre people and heroic herders: Visual presentation of the Himba of Namibia’s Kaokoland. Visual Anthropology, 15, 267–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boorstin, D. (1964). The image: A guide to pseudo-events in America. Vintage Book.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brida, J., Disegna, M., & Scuderi, R. (2012). The visitor’s perception of authenticity at the museums: Archaeology versus modern art. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(6), 518–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, G. (2011). Heritage as a driver for development. ICOMOS. Available at: http://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/1207/1/III-1-Article1_Brooks.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. (1996). Genuine Fakes. In Selwyn, T. (Eds.), The Tourist Image, Chichester (pp. 33–47). John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, R., & Bailey, S. (1997). Third world political ecology. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, P. (2001). Brief encounters: Culture, tourism, and the local-global nexus. In S. Wahab & C. Cooper (Eds.), Tourism in the age of globalisation (pp. 290–305). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, R., & Horneman, L. (2001). Does a market for heritage tourism exist? Journal of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, 25, 61–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheong, S.-M., & Miller, M. L. (2000). Power and tourism: A Foucauldian observation. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 371–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chhabra, D., Healy, R., & Sills, E. (2003). Staged authenticity and heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 702–719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and commoditisation in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(3), 371–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fyall, A., & Garrod, B. (1998). Heritage tourism: At what price? Managing Leisure, 3(4), 213–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/136067198375996

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goh, E. (2010). Understanding the heritage tourist market segment. International Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 1(3), 257–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, A. (2016). Time travel: Tourism and the rise of the living history museum in mid-twentieth century. University of British Columbia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R., & Douglas, S. (2000). The bushmen myth: The making of a Namibian underclass. Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corsane, G. (Ed.). (2004). Heritage, museums and galleries. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, B. (2002). Heritage as knowledge: Capital or culture? Urban Studies, 39(5–6), 1003–1017. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980220128426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herbert, G. (1995). The critical heritage. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyau, P. (1988). Heritage and the conserver society: The French case. In R. Lumley (Ed.), The museum time-machine (pp. 27–35). Comedia/Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kalvelage, L., Revilla Diez, J. R., & Bollig, M. (2020). How much remains? Local value capture from tourism in Zambezi, Namibia. Tourism Geographies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1786154

  • Kavita, E & Saarinen, J. (2015). Tourism and rural community development in Namibia: Policy issues review. Fennia, 193(3), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keja-Kaereho, C., & Tjizu, B. (2019). Climate change and global warming in Namibia: Environmental disasters vs human life and the economy. Management and Economics Research Journal, 5(1), 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lak, A., Gheitasi, M., & Timothy, D. J. (2020). Urban regeneration through heritage tourism: Cultural policies and strategic management. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 18(4), 386–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2019.1668002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lapeyre, R. (2010). Community-based tourism as a sustainable solution to maximise impacts locally? The Tsiseb conservancy case, Namibia. Development Southern Africa, 27, 757–772.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lapeyre, R. (2011a). The Grootberg lodge partnership in Namibia: Towards poverty alleviation and empowerment for long-term sustainability? Current Issues in Tourism, 14, 221–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lapeyre, R. (2011b). Governance structures and the distribution of tourism income in Namibia communal lands: A new institutional framework. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 102, 302–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. (1986). The gods must be crazy, but the state has a plan: Government policies towards the San in Namibia. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 20(1), 91–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenao, M., & Saarinen, J. (2015). Integrated rural tourism as a tool for community tourism development: Exploring culture and heritage projects in the North East District of Botswana. South African Geographical Journal, 97(2), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2015.1028985

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Shen, H., & Wen, H. (2016). A study on tourists perceived authenticity towards experience quality and behaviour intention of cultural heritage in Macao. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 8(4), 117–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Living Culture Foundation. (2020, August 1). Traditional cultures in Namibia. Retrieved from: https://www.lcfn.info/

  • MacCannell, D. (1973) Staged Authenticity: Arrangement of Social Space in Tourist Settings. American Journal of Sociology, 79(3).

    Google Scholar 

  • MacCannell, D. (1976). The tourist. Schocken Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, L. (1976). The Kung of Nyae Nyae. Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Naumova, A. (2015). Touching the past: Investigating lived experiences of heritage in living history museums. The International Journal of the Inclusive Museum, 7(3–4), 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Novelli, M., & Gebhardt, K. (2007). Community based tourism in Namibia: ‘Reality Show’ or ‘Window Dressing’? Current Issues in Tourism, 10, 443–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, H. (2013). Heritage tourism. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Park, E., Choi, B., & Lee, T. (2019). The role and dimensions of authenticity in heritage tourism. Tourism Management, 74(2), 99–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poria, Y., Airey, D., & Butler, R. (2001). Challenging the present approach to heritage tourism: Is tourism to heritage places heritage tourism? Tourism Review, 56(1–2), 51–53. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qu, C., Timothy, D. J., & Zhang, C. (2019). Does tourism erode or prosper culture? Evidence from the Tibetan ethnic area of Sichuan Province, China. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 17(4), 526–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2019.1600867

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prentice, R. (1993). Tourism and heritage attractions. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, P. (2012). Political ecology: A critical introduction. Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romo, A. A. (2010). Brazil's living museum: Race, reform, and tradition in Bahia. North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saarinen, J. (1999). Representations of indigeneity: Sami culture in the discourses of tourism. In P. M. Sant & J. N. Brown (Eds.), Indigeneity: Constructions and re/presentations. Nova Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saarinen, J. (2007). Cultural tourism, local communities and representations of authenticity: The case of Lesedi and Swazi cultural villages in Southern Africa. In B. Wishitemi, A. Spenceley, & H. Wels (Eds.), Culture and community: Tourism studies in eastern and southern Africa (pp. 140–154). Rozenberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saarinen, J. (2012). Tourism development and local communities: The direct benefits of tourism to OvaHimba communities in the Kaokoland, North-West Namibia. Tourism Review International, 15, 149–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saarinen, J. (2013). Ethnic tourism in Kaokoland, northwest Namibia. In G. Visser & S. Ferreira (Eds.), Tourism and crisis (pp. 180–194). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saarinen, J. (2016). Political ecologies and economies of tourism development in Kaokoland, North-West Namibia. In M. Mostafanezhad, A. Carr, & R. Norum (Eds.), Political ecology of tourism: Communities, power and the environment (pp. 213–230). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saarinen, J., & Niskala, M. (2009). Local culture and regional development: The role of OvaHimba in Namibian tourism. In P. Hottola (Ed.), Tourism strategies and local responses in southern Africa (pp. 61–72). CABI Publishing.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schouten, F. (1995). Improving visitor care in heritage attractions. Tourism Management, 16(4), 259–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shilongo, A. (2020). Tourism and commoditisation of traditional cultures among the Himba people of Namibia. Editon Consortium Journal of Arts, Humanities, and Social Studies, 2(1), 187–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. (2016). Issues in cultural tourism studies. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilden, J. (1977). Interpreting our heritage: Principles and practices for visitors in parks, museums, and historic places. North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timothy, D. (2014). Contemporary cultural heritage and tourism: Development issues and emerging trends. Journal of Public Archaeology, 13(1–3), 30–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trilling, L. (1972). Sincerity and authenticity. Butterworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuan, Y. (1974). Topophilia: A study of environmental perception, attitudes and values. Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2003). Convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage. UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urry, J. (1990). The tourist gaze: Leisure and travel in contemporary societies. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uzzell, D. (1989). Introduction: The visitor experience. In D. Uzzel (Ed.), Heritage interpretation (pp. 1–15). Belhaven.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Veuren, E. J. (2001). Transforming cultural villages in the spatial development initiatives of South Africa. South African Geographical Journal, 83(2), 137–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Veuren, E. J. (2004). Cultural village tourism in South Africa: Capitalising on indigenous culture. In C. M. Rogerson & G. Visser (Eds.), Tourism and development issues in contemporary South Africa. Africa Institute of South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, K. (1992). The representation of the past: Museums and heritage in the postmodern world. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, P. (2020). Community-based ecotourism projects as living museums. Journal of Ecotourism, 19(3), 233–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, N. (1999). Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 349–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P. (2013). Performing interpretation. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 13(2), 115–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeppel, H., & Hall, C. (1992). Arts and heritage tourism. In B. Weiler & C. Hall (Eds.), Special interest tourism (pp. 47–68). Belhaven Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Isobel Green .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Green, I., Saarinen, J. (2022). Changing Environment and the Political Ecology of Authenticity in Heritage Tourism: A Case of the Ovahimba and the Ju/’Hoansi-San Living Museums in Namibia. In: Saarinen, J., Lubbe, B., Moswete, N.N. (eds) Southern African Perspectives on Sustainable Tourism Management. Geographies of Tourism and Global Change. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99435-8_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99435-8_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-99434-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-99435-8

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Navigation