Abstract
In spite of the profound impact anger has on human life, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. While the reasons for this gap in knowledge may be traced to the nonavailability of a suitable animal model, protocols aimed at generating anger-like emotions in rats have been tested. Hungry rats were allowed to see and smell food, but were denied access. These animals showed vigorous motor activity to obtain the food and intense biting behavior. The number of bites was considered as a measure of anger-like response. Concomitantly, the animals showed an increase in their blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma nor-epinephrine, the hallmark of anger. The biting behavior was correlated with increased neuronal activity in discrete components of the limbic system. Pharmacological interventions and analytical data suggested the role of serotonergic system in the modulation of anger-like behavior. The model may pave way to understanding the neural basis of anger.
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Abbreviations
- 3V:
-
Third ventricle
- 5-HIAA :
-
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid
- 5-HT :
-
5-Hydroxytryptamine
- 8-OHDPAT:
-
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin
- aCSF:
-
Artificial cerebrospinal fluid
- AHC:
-
Central part of the anterior hypothalamus
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- Aq :
-
Aqueduct
- ARC :
-
Arcuate nucleus
- AUC:
-
Area under the curve
- BAC :
-
Biting activity chamber
- BLA :
-
Basolateral amygdala
- BP :
-
Blood pressure
- bpm:
-
Beats per minute
- CeA:
-
Central nucleus of amygdala
- D3V :
-
Dorsal third ventricle
- DG :
-
Dentate gyrus
- GABA :
-
Gamma aminobutyric acid
- HPLC-ECD :
-
High-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector
- HR :
-
Heart rate
- ICV :
-
Intracerebroventricular
- ip :
-
Intraperitoneal
- IR :
-
Infrared
- LV :
-
Lateral ventricle
- MeA :
-
Medial nucleus of the amygdala
- ML :
-
Medial lemniscus
- mmHg:
-
Millimeter of mercury
- NE :
-
Nor-epinephrine
- opt :
-
Optic tract
- PAG :
-
Periaqueductal gray
- PFC :
-
Prefrontal cortex
- PVN :
-
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
- PVT :
-
Paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus
- RRC :
-
Roller rotation chamber
- SEM:
-
Standard error of the mean
- SN :
-
Substantia nigra
- VMH :
-
Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus
- VTA :
-
Ventral tegmental area
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Satyajit Rath, Aurnab Ghose, and Yash Bhatt for critical reading of the manuscript. The work was supported by grants from the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) (CRG/2020/004971), Govt. of India, New Delhi, India. BBD acknowledges the Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Research and Training Institute (MAHAJYOTI), Nagpur, for providing junior research fellowship [MAHAJYOTI/Nag./Fellowship/2021-22/1042 (352)] and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) for providing senior research fellowship (2021-15699/F1).
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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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Subhedar, N.K., Dudhabhate, B.B., Kokare, D.M. (2022). Modeling Anger-Like Responses in Animals: Denial of Food in Sight. In: Martin, C., Preedy, V.R., Patel, V.B. (eds) Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_143-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_143-1
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