Abstract
Essentially, technology had been an important issue in Iran’s relationship with the outside world long before the Persian Gulf country came under severe political isolation and crippling economic sanctions internationally. After all, international sanctions influenced very negatively the scope and size of technological cooperation between Iran and other rich and resourceful countries. Few major foreign corporations and well-known entrepreneurs were really prepared to share with Iran their advanced technologies and technical knowhow. In particular, the issue of “dual-use technologies” made many foreign businesses twice cautious because they did not wish to be singled out globally for contributing to any part of the ongoing Iranian nuclear and missile programs denounced by sanctions. In order to curry favor and set up some sort of technological connections with foreign companies, therefore, Iran had to offer an important share of its domestic markets so that it could acquire at least some of the country’s growing technological requirements.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
William Shawcross, The Shah’s Last Ride: The Story of the Exile, Misadventures and Death of the Emperor (New York: Touchstone, 1989), p. 174.
- 2.
Miyagawa, pp. 153–154.
- 3.
Later, some scholars claimed that the United States was a culprit behind the Iran–Iraq War by asserting that “the Carter Administration, with Zbigniew Brzezinski in the lead, encouraged and assisted Saddam Hussein in his invasion of Iran.” Sasan Fayazmanesh, The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment (Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2008), p. 27.
- 4.
“Jahangiri dastoor dad: Iraniha jay chiniha” [Jahangiri Directed: Iranians Replace Chinese], Shargh Daily, June 18, 2017, p. 5.
- 5.
“Iraniha faghat noavari va keifiyat mikhahand” [Iranians Want Only Innovation and Quality], Tejarat News, June 6, 2017, p. 1.
- 6.
“Japan Launches First Arab Space Mission to Mars,” The Japan Times, July 20, 2020.
- 7.
“Barjam dar sandough aghab Toyota!” [JCPOA in Toyota’s Trunk!], Javan, October 25, 2017, p. 1.
- 8.
“Khodro moshtarek Iran va kore jonoobi dar rah bazaar” [Iran–South Korea Joint Automobile in the Way to Market], Tejarat News, November 30, 2017, p. 7.
- 9.
“Korean Businesses Hasten Entry into Iranian Market,” Korea Herald, February 29, 2016. After the JCPOA was concluded in 2015, there were also some talks about importing the American Chevrolet cars into Iran through South Korea playing an intermediary role. “Varedat rasmi khodroy americayi be bazaar Iran aghazshod” [Formal Importation of American Car to Iran Market Started], Fars News Agency, April 19, 2016.
- 10.
“Iran, North Korea Sign Technology Agreement,” The Huffington Post, September 1, 2012; “Iran, China Urge Closer Cooperation in Science, Technology,” Tasnim News Agency, May 3, 2015; and “China and Iran to Strengthen Cooperation,” China Daily, January 1, 2020.
- 11.
“Hamkari ba chin baray filtering gostarde?” [Cooperation with China for Widespread Filtering?], Aftab-e Yazd, April 13, 2021, p. 4.
- 12.
“Iran MP Implies China–Iran Deal Strengthens Regime’s Internet Control,” Eurasia Review, April 15, 2021.
- 13.
Ryan, p. 109.
- 14.
On December 7, 2018, Marco Rubio, a Republican senator in the US Congress, sent out a Tweet threatening Huawei, a giant Chinese company, with such secondary sanctions by demanding that “If Huawei has been hel** violate US sanctions by transferring US technology to Iran they should be barred from operating in the US or from purchasing US technology.”
- 15.
“Taiwanese Firm’s Nuclear Pieces Shipped to Iran,” Taipei Times, January 9, 2010, p. 1; “US Worried over Taiwan’s Exports to Iran: WikiLeaks,” Taipei Times, June 12, 2011, p. 3; and “Tehran’s Chinese Missile Man,” The Daily Beast, September 6, 2014.
- 16.
The Financial Times, Financial Times Oil and Gas International Year Book (London: Longman, 1983), p. 481.
- 17.
“LG, Samsung, Daewoo Worry about Fallout from Iran Sanctions,” Korea Times, August 12, 2010.
- 18.
“Korea Pushing Ahead with Daewoo Sale to Iran,” Korea Times, September 13, 2010.
- 19.
“Tolid moshtarek dar Iran jaygozin varedat az chin mishavad” [Joint Production in Iran Replaces Imports from China], Kasbokar News, August 3, 2016, p. 3; and “Nimi az ghateat motenave lavazem yadaki khodro chini ast” [Half of Various Auto Parts Are Chinese], Abrar News, October 28, 2018, p. 1.
- 20.
“Iran, China Carmakers Launch Joint Assembly Lines,” Global Times, May 20, 2015.
- 21.
MVM is a subsidiary of China’s Chery and Iran’s Kerman Motor.
- 22.
“Sarmayegozari shart varedat khodro” [Investment Precondition for Car Imports], Hamshahri, December 3, 2016, p. 1.
- 23.
“Zhapon va kore jonoobi gozinehay sharghi dar moghabel brandhay gharbi” [Japan and South Korea Eastern Options vis-à-vis Western Brands], ILNA, July 31, 2015.
- 24.
“Sherakat ba iraniha, shart jadid vezarat naft baray kharejiha” [Partnership with Iranians, New Condition of Oil Ministry for Foreigners], Iran, January 26, 2021, p. 7.
- 25.
“Signing of the Japan–Iran Investment Agreement,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, February 5, 2016; and “‘Japan Seeking to Transfer Knowledge, Experience to Iran’,” Tehran Times, December 25, 2016, pp. 1, 2.
- 26.
“Iran’s Aseman to Get Mitsubishi Planes,” Press TV, July 20, 2016.
- 27.
“Shahrsazan korei be Tehran miayand: Olgooy Seoul dar paitakht edari” [Korean City-builders Come Tehran: Seoul Model in Administrative Capital], Donya-e-Eqtesad, October 28, 2017, p. 7; and “Iran, South Korea Sign Agreement on Technology Transfer,” **nhua, December 12, 2017.
- 28.
“Iran–South Korea Technology Exchange Center Inaugurated,” Tehran Times, August 30, 2016, p. 1.
- 29.
“Tamigh peivand Iran va chin” [Iran and China Deepen Ties], Abrar-e Eghtesadi, March 12, 2019, p. 1.
- 30.
“Aghaz saderat mahsoolat daneshbonyan be chin” [Commencement of Exporting Knowledge-based Products to China], Eghtesad-e Meli, December 29, 2018, p. 11.
- 31.
“Darhay Iran rooy zhaponiha baz ast” [Iran Doors Open to Japanese], Abrar News, December 22, 2019, p. 2; and “Berlin–Tokyo bejay Moscow–pekan” [Berlin–Tokyo for Moscow–Bei**g], Jahan-e Sanat, November 23, 2020, p. 2.
- 32.
“Baz ham chinihay motaghalleb” [Again Chinese Cheaters] Jahan-e Sanat, June 2016, p. 2; and “Iran Eyes Tech Cooperation with China amid US Sanctions,” Global Times, November 15, 2019.
- 33.
“Foreign Sanctions on Iran Expected to Continue for 4–5 Years: Senior Official,” **nhua, December 11, 2020.
- 34.
“Sherkathay irani dar namayeshgah chin be jahan moarefi mishavand” [Iranian Companies Introduced to the World at China Exhibition], Aftab-e Eghtesadi, November 11, 2019, p. 1.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Azad, S. (2022). Not Impervious to Pressure: Teetering Technology Transfer. In: East Asia and Iran Sanctions. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97427-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97427-5_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-97426-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-97427-5
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)