Abstract
Thermal processing of food can lead to the formation of compounds harmful to human health. These include heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) formed in meat products and acrylamide (AAM) mainly formed in food with a high-starch content. These compounds show genotoxic, carcinogenic, and neurotoxic effects. This review of published studies provides a brief discussion of the routes of metabolic activation and detoxification of heterocyclic amines and acrylamide and presents to date results of research of exposure biomarkers quest, especially long-term biomarkers which could be used in molecular epidemiology studies.
The methods used to isolate heterocyclic amines, acrylamide, and their metabolites from biological samples (urine, blood, tissues, hair) depend on both the composition of the samples matrix and the type of compounds to be determined. This chapter describes procedures used for isolation and determination of HAA and acrylamide and their metabolites in urine, metabolites’ adducts with blood proteins (HAA with albumin and acrylamide with hemoglobin), as well as adducts of HAA metabolites with DNA in tissues and saliva. Nowadays, by using the latest technical solutions for instrumental analysis, including ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and nano-UPLC coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, it is possible to assess the exposure to food-derived HAAs by their determination in hair at the level of tens pg/g. No biomarker of the exposure to acrylamide has been preferred so far, although it is possible to determine its metabolites in urine and adducts with hemoglobin in blood.
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Abbreviations
- dG:
-
Deoxyguanosine
- GC-MS/NCI:
-
Gas chromatography, electron-capture negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
- HPLC-DAD:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector.
- LC-ESI/MS2:
-
Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.
- LC-ESI/MSn:
-
Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/multistage tandem mass spectrometry.
- LC-MS2:
-
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
- Nano-LC-Orbitrap-MSn:
-
Nanoflow liquid chromatography-Orbitrap/multistage mass spectrometry.
- SAX:
-
Strong anion-exchange phase.
- SPE:
-
Solid-phase extraction.
- SPE-C18:
-
SPE on a reversed phase (C18).
- SPE-CX:
-
SPE on mixed-mode cation-exchange phase (silica or polymeric reversed-phase materials with an ion-exchange group, e.g., -SO3, bonded to it).
- SPE-HCX:
-
SPE on mixed mode non-polar and strong cation-exchange phase.
- SPE-HRP:
-
SPE on phase modified enzymatically with horseradish peroxidase.
- SPE-MCX:
-
SPE on mixed-mode cation-exchange and reversed phase.
- SPE-SCX:
-
SPE on a strong cation-exchange phase (e.g., silica gel modified with benzenesulfonic acid groups).
- SPE-WAX:
-
SPE on weak anion-exchange phase.
- UPLC-ESI/MSn:
-
Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/multistage mass spectrometry.
- UPLC/ion trap-Orbitrap-MS3:
-
Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry.
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Janoszka, B., Szumska, M. (2022). Determination of Metabolites of Selected Thermally Treated Food-derived Mutagens and Carcinogens in Biological Material. In: Buszewski, B., Baranowska, I. (eds) Handbook of Bioanalytics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95660-8_19
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