SpringerLink
Log in

Implementation and Public Diplomacy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards China

Part of the book series: Palgrave Macmillan Series in Global Public Diplomacy ((GPD))

  • 136 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter starts with the following questions: why study public diplomacy implementation? Why use implementation as a lens to study public diplomacy? It explains the dual role of implementation in this volume. On the one hand, implementation is a practical process; on the other hand, it is a methodology that emphasizes the most important assumption in implementation studies: the exercise of discretion. The starting point of public diplomacy implementation is not only policy objectives but also theoretical meanings of public diplomacy. Many scholars have defined public diplomacy in many ways, so it is necessary to review them for implementation analyses. Lastly, I also describe the ideal public diplomacy when practiced as it is and without implementation biases. This is important for implementation analysis in later chapters because it helps to illuminate whether and how the meaning of public diplomacy is changed by implementation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
EUR 29.95
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
EUR 96.29
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
EUR 128.39
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
EUR 128.39
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    [40].

  2. 2.

    [37].

  3. 3.

    [52].

  4. 4.

    [27].

  5. 5.

    [52].

  6. 6.

    [51].

  7. 7.

    [39].

  8. 8.

    [28, 52].

  9. 9.

    [1].

  10. 10.

    [41].

  11. 11.

    [25, 29].

  12. 12.

    [13, 32].

  13. 13.

    [16].

  14. 14.

    [27].

  15. 15.

    [4].

  16. 16.

    [28].

  17. 17.

    [4].

  18. 18.

    [25, 51].

  19. 19.

    [51].

  20. 20.

    [4, 12, 20, 58].

  21. 21.

    [27, 28, 48].

  22. 22.

    [3, 19, 31].

  23. 23.

    [66].

  24. 24.

    [62].

  25. 25.

    [56].

  26. 26.

    [55].

  27. 27.

    Melissen’s new public diplomacy challenged this traditional view of public diplomacy and suggests that it should not be separated from domestic socialization. See [43].

  28. 28.

    [21].

  29. 29.

    [65].

  30. 30.

    [2].

  31. 31.

    [45].

  32. 32.

    [6].

  33. 33.

    [10].

  34. 34.

    [15, 63].

  35. 35.

    [64].

  36. 36.

    [7].

  37. 37.

    [18].

  38. 38.

    [60].

  39. 39.

    [33].

  40. 40.

    [42].

  41. 41.

    [64].

  42. 42.

    [69].

  43. 43.

    [5].

  44. 44.

    [49].

  45. 45.

    [33].

  46. 46.

    [15].

  47. 47.

    [10].

  48. 48.

    [21].

  49. 49.

    [38].

  50. 50.

    [11].

  51. 51.

    [35].

  52. 52.

    [10].

  53. 53.

    [43].

  54. 54.

    [53].

  55. 55.

    [59].

  56. 56.

    [44].

  57. 57.

    [67, 70].

  58. 58.

    [23].

  59. 59.

    [17].

  60. 60.

    [8].

  61. 61.

    [17, 33].

  62. 62.

    [34, 46].

  63. 63.

    [46].

  64. 64.

    [21].

  65. 65.

    [14].

  66. 66.

    [26].

  67. 67.

    [21].

  68. 68.

    [33, 42].

  69. 69.

    [54].

  70. 70.

    [42].

  71. 71.

    [22].

  72. 72.

    [5].

  73. 73.

    [5].

  74. 74.

    [50].

  75. 75.

    [23].

  76. 76.

    [57].

  77. 77.

    [9].

  78. 78.

    [61].

  79. 79.

    [68].

  80. 80.

    [30].

  81. 81.

    [45].

  82. 82.

    Nye suggests that other instruments of public diplomacy include national intelligence services, information agencies, diplomacy, public diplomacy, exchange programs, assistance programs, and training programs. See [47].

  83. 83.

    [49].

  84. 84.

    [26].

  85. 85.

    [10].

  86. 86.

    [10].

  87. 87.

    [10].

  88. 88.

    [33].

  89. 89.

    [7].

  90. 90.

    [42].

  91. 91.

    [60].

  92. 92.

    [24].

  93. 93.

    [18].

  94. 94.

    [36].

  95. 95.

    [18].

  96. 96.

    [21].

References

  1. Bardach, E. 1980. The Implementation Game: What Happens after a Bill Becomes a Law. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Brown, Robin. 2013. The Politics of Relational Public Diplomacy. In Relational, Networked, and Collaborative Approaches to Public Diplomacy: The Connective Mindshift, ed. R.S. Zaharna, Amelia Arsenault, and Ali Fisher, 44–55. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Builder, Carl H. 1989. The Masks of War: American Military Styles in Strategy and Analysis. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Calista, Donald J., and Dennis J. Palumbo. 1990. Opening up the Black Box: Implementation and the Policy Process. In Implementation and the Policy Process: Opening up the Black Box, ed. Donald J. Calista and Dennis Palumbo, 3–17. New York: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Castells, Manuel. 2008. The New Public Sphere: Global Civil Society, Communication Networks, and Global Governance. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (1): 78–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Comor, Edward, and Hamilton Bean. 2012. America’s ‘Engagement’ Delusion Critiquing a Public Diplomacy Consensus. International Communication Gazette 74 (3): 203–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Coombs, Philip H. 1964. The Fourth Dimension of Foreign Policy: Educational and Cultural Affairs. New York: Council on Foreign Relations by Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Cowan, Geoffrey, and Amelia Arsenault. 2008. Moving from Monologue to Dialogue to Collaboration: The Three Layers of Public Diplomacy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (1): 10–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Cowan, Geoffrey, and Nicholas J. Cull. 2008. Public Diplomacy in a Changing World. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (1): 6–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Cull, Nicholas J. 2008. Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (1): 31–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Delaney, Robert F. 1968. Introduction. In International Communication and the New Diplomacy, ed. Arthur S. Hoffman, 1–11. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Denhardt, Robert B. 1984. Theories of Public Organization. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Dror, Yehezkel. 1983. Public Policy Making Reexamined. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Edward R Murrow Center for Public Diplomacy. Brochure. http://fletcher.tufts.edu/murrow/public-diplomacy.html (now removed). Accessed August 30, 2008.

  15. Entman, Robert M. 2008. Theorizing Mediated Public Diplomacy: The U.S. Case. International Journal of Press/Politics 13 (2): 87–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ersson, Svante, and Jan-Erik Lane. 2000. The New Institutional Politics: Performance and Outcomes. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Fisher, Ali. 2013. Collaborative Public Diplomacy: How Transnational Networks Influenced American Studies in Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  18. Fitzpatrick, Kathy. 2007. Advancing the New Public Diplomacy: A Public Relations Perspective. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 2 (3): 187–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Flynn, Francis J., and Jennifer A. Chatman. 2001. Strong Cultures and Innovation: Oxymoron or Opportunity? In The International Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate, ed. Neal Ashkanasy, Celeste Wilderom, and Mark F. Peterson, 263–288. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Fox, Charles J. 1987. Biases in Public Policy Implementation Evaluation. Policy Studies Review 7 (1): 128–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Gilboa, Eytan. 2008. Searching for a Theory of Public Diplomacy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (1): 55–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Gregory, Bruce. 2006. Now That It’s Part of a Global Conversation, Should We Keep the Term Public Diplomacy? Paper presented at the Centre for International Governance Innovation Conference, Wilton Park, UK, June.

    Google Scholar 

  23. ———. 2008. Public Diplomacy: Sunrise of an Academic Field. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (1): 274–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Grunig, James E. 2013. Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  25. Hargrove, Erwin C. 1975. The Missing Link: The Study of the Implementation of Social Policy. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hayden, Craig. 2012. The Rhetoric of Soft Power: Public Diplomacy in Global Contexts. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Hill, Michael James, and Peter L. Hupe. 2002. Implementing Public Policy: Governance in Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  28. ———. 2009. Implementing Public Policy: An Introduction to the Study of Operational Governance. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hjern, Benny. 1982. Implementation Research: The Link Gone Missing. Journal of Public Policy 2 (3): 301–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hocking, Brian. 2005. Rethinking the ‘New’ Public Diplomacy. In The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, ed. Jan Melissen, 28–43. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  31. Hogwood, Brian W., and Lewis A. Gunn. 1984. Policy Analysis for the Real World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Jenkins, William I. 1978. Policy Analysis: A Political and Organisational Perspective. London: Martin Robertson.

    Google Scholar 

  33. L’Etang, Jacquie. 2009. Public Relations and Diplomacy in a Globalized World: An Issue of Public Communication. American Behavioral Scientist 53 (4): 607–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Leonard, Mark. 2002. Public Diplomacy. London: Foreign Policy Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Leonard, Mark, and Vidhya Alakeson. 2000. Going Public: Diplomacy in the Information Age. London: Foreign Policy Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Lippmann, Walter. 1922. Public Opinion. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Majone, Giandomenico, and Aaron Bernard Wildavsky. 1978. Implementation as Evolution. In Implementation, ed. Jeffrey L. Pressman and Aaron B. Wildavsky, 163–180. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Malone, Gifford D. 1985. Managing Public Diplomacy. Washington Quarterly 8 (3): 199–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Matland, Richard E. 1995. Synthesizing the Implementation Literature: The Ambiguity-Conflict Model of Policy Implementation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 5 (2): 145–174.

    Google Scholar 

  40. May, Peter J. 1992. Policy Learning and Failure. Journal of Public Policy 12 (4): 331–354. https://doi.org/10.2307/4007550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Mazmanian, Daniel A., and Paul A. Sabatier. 1983. Implementation and Public Policy. New York: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Melissen, Jan. 2005. The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. In The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, ed. Jan Melissen, 3–27. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  43. ———. 2005. The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  44. Melissen, Jan, and Sook Jong Lee. 2011. Public Diplomacy and Soft Power in East Asia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  45. Nye, Joseph S. 2008. Public Diplomacy and Soft Power. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (1): 94–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. ———. 2010. The New Public Diplomacy. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-new-public-diplomacy?barrier=accesspaylog. Accessed February 8, 2022.

  47. ———. 2011. The Future of Power. New York: Public Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  48. O’Toole, Laurence J., and Robert S. Montjoy. 1984. Interorganizational Policy Implementation: A Theoretical Perspective. Public Administration Review 44 (6): 491–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Pamment, James. 2014. Articulating Influence: Toward a Research Agenda for Interpreting the Evaluation of Soft Power, Public Diplomacy and Nation Brands. Public Relations Review 40 (1): 50–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Pamment, James, and K.G. Wilkins. 2018. Introduction: New Dimensions in the Politics of Image and Aid. In Communicating National Image through Development and Diplomacy: The Politics of Foreign Aid, ed. James Pamment and K.G. Wilkins, 1–22. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  51. Pressman, Jeffrey L., and Aaron B. Wildavsky. 1984. Implementation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Pülzl, Helga, and Oliver Treib. 2006. Implementing Public Policy. In Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics, and Methods, ed. Frank Fischer, Gerald J. Miller, and Mara S. Sidney, 89–107. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  53. Rawnsley, Gary D. 2021. Communications Technologies and Public Diplomacy: A History of the Tools of Statecraft. In The Frontiers of Public Diplomacy, 25–41. New York: Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  54. Reinhard, Keith. 2009. American Business and its Role in Public Diplomacy. In Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, ed. Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor, 195–200. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Ross, Christopher. 2002. Public Diplomacy Comes of Age. Washington Quarterly 25 (2): 73–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Rugh, William A. 2014. Front Line Public Diplomacy: How US Embassies Communicate with Foreign Publics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  57. Schindler, Caitlin E. 2018. The Origins of Public Diplomacy in US Statecraft: Uncovering a Forgotten Tradition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  58. Schwarz, John E. 1985. America’s Hidden Success: A Reassessment of Twenty Years of Public Policy. New York: W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Seib, Philip. 2012. Real-Time Diplomacy: Politics and Power in the Social Media Era. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  60. Signitzer, Benno H., and Timothy Coombs. 1992. Public Relations and Public Diplomacy: Conceptual Convergences. Public Relations Review 18 (2): 137–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Snow, Nancy. 2012. Public Diplomacy and Propaganda: Rethinking Diplomacy in the Age of Persuasion. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2012/12/04/public-diplomacy-and-propaganda-rethinking-diplomacy-in-the-age-of-persuasion/.

  62. Sparrow, Malcolm K. 2011. The Regulatory Craft: Controlling Risks, Solving Problems, and Managing Compliance. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Tuch, Hans N. 1990. Communicating with the World: U.S. Public Diplomacy Overseas. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  64. USC Center on Public Diplomacy. What is Public Diplomacy? http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/page/what-pd. Accessed February 8, 2022.

  65. Van Ham, Peter. 2013. Social Power in Public Diplomacy. In Relational, Networking and Collaborative Approaches to Public Diplomacy: The Connective Mindshift, ed. R.S. Zaharna, A. Fisher, and A. Arsenault, 1–27. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Wilson, James Q. 1989. Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Yang, Aimei, Anna Klyueva, and Maureen Taylor. 2012. Beyond a Dyadic Approach to Public Diplomacy: Understanding Relationships in Multipolar World. Public Relations Review 38 (5): 652–664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Zaharna, R.S. 2004. From Propaganda to Public Diplomacy in the Information Age. In War, Media and Propaganda: A Global Perspective, ed. Yahya R. Kamalipour and Nancy Snow, 219–226. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  69. ———. 2018. Global Engagement: Culture and Communication Insights from Public Diplomacy. In The Handbook of Communication Engagement, ed. Kim A. Johnston and Maureen Taylor, 313–330. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Zaharna, R.S., Ali Fisher, and Amelia Arsenault. 2013. Relational, Networking and Collaborative Approaches to Public Diplomacy: The Connective Mindshift. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Political Science & International Relations, Tongji University, Shangai, China

    Di Wu

Authors
  1. Di Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Di Wu .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Wu, D. (2022). Implementation and Public Diplomacy. In: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards China. Palgrave Macmillan Series in Global Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95644-8_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation