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A Review on Distribution and Removal Techniques for Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Water and Wastewater

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Legacy and Emerging Contaminants in Water and Wastewater

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Abstract

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are refractory anthropogenic contaminants which are of high concern for environmental regulators because they are widespread, persistent, and bioaccumulative. In this chapter, we are presenting an overview of research papers on global distribution of PFASs in water and wastewater, and the associated remediation techniques. A brief discussion of novel remediation technologies developed for the elimination of PFASs from the environment, and regulatory actions on PFASs of global concern is provided. PFASs were widely used as surfactants in many industrial applications such as in paints, firefighting foams, cookware, etc., due to their unique oleophobic and hydrophobic property. A large group of 4700 PFASs are in use on the global market. Some of the studies revealed that effluents of wastewater treatment plants are considered as significant point sources of PFASs. It is difficult to eliminate them from the environment because of their stable C-F bond. Conventional treatment technologies are found ineffective for PFASs. Chitosan with amino groups is recommended as a good adsorbent with adsorption capacity of 5.5 mmol/g for PFOS. USEPA classified PFASs as a potential human carcinogen. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are considered as persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention.

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Acknowledgments

This work has been supported by the India-Norway cooperation project on capacity building for reducing plastic and chemical pollution in India (INOPOL) Project No. 180355, Reference No. IND-19/0005.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India

    Pavithra K

  2. Mu Gamma Consultants Private Limited, Gurugram, Haryana, India

    Avanti Roy-Basu & Girija K. Bharat

  3. Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India

    Paromita Chakraborty

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  1. Pavithra K
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  1. Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India

    Paromita Chakraborty

  2. Water Sciences Laboratory, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

    Daniel Snow

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K, P., Roy-Basu, A., Bharat, G.K., Chakraborty, P. (2022). A Review on Distribution and Removal Techniques for Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Water and Wastewater. In: Chakraborty, P., Snow, D. (eds) Legacy and Emerging Contaminants in Water and Wastewater. Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95443-7_17

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