Abstract
Huw Lewis and Elin Royles analyse the origins of specific language policies and trace their development over time. They argue that existing literature on language policy fails to identify how and why particular choices emerge and how these are related to political factors. As a conceptual framework, Lewis and Royles examine historical institutionalism and its focus on how political institutions influence policy decisions and interact with other institutions. They consider the usefulness of the concepts of ‘path dependence’ and ‘critical juncture’ for understanding language policy formation. They then apply a neo-institutionalist approach to analyse two key policy measures for the Welsh language. They conclude that the neo-institutionalist approach facilitates a greater understanding of how policy is formed but is only one such theory that can be used to this end.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cairney, P. 2012. Understanding Public Policy: Theories and Issues. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cardinal, L., and S.K. Sonntag (eds.). 2015. State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Dafis, C. 2005. Mab y Pregethwr. Talybont: Y Lolfa.
Dowding, K. 2010. Rational Choice Theory. In The Sage Handbook of Governance, ed. M. Bevir, 36–50. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Fioretos, O., T.G. Falleti, and A. Sheingate. 2016. European Politics. In The Oxford Handbook of Historical Institutionalism, ed. O. Fioretos, T.G. Falleti, and A. Sheingate, 387–390. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fishman, J.A. 1991. Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Gazzola, M. 2014. The Evaluation of Language Regimes: Theory and Application to Multilingual Patent Organisations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Gazzola, M., and F. Grin. 2017. Comparative Language Policy and Evaluation: Concepts, Indicators and Implications for Translation Policy. In Translation and Public Policy: Interdisciplinary Perspectives and Case Studies, ed. R. Meylaerts and G. González Nuñez, 83–112. Abingdon: Routledge.
Gazzola, M., F. Grin, and F. Vaillancourt. 2020. Evaluating Language Policy and Planning: An Introduction to the Economic Approach. In Bridging Linguistics and Economics, ed. C.B. Vigouroux and S.S. Mufwene, 109–130. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Government of Wales Act 1998. 1998 c. 38. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/38/contents. Accessed 12 June 2021.
Government of Wales Act 2006. 2006 c. 32. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/32/contents. Accessed 12 June 2021.
Grin, F. 2003. Language Policy Evaluation and the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Grin, F., and F. Vaillancourt. 1999. The Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Minority Language Policies: Case Studies on Wales, Ireland and the Basque Country. Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues.
Hall, P.A., and R. Taylor. 1996. Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms. Political Studies 44 (5): 936–957.
Hay, C., and D. Wincott. 1998. Structure, Agency and Historical Institutionalism. Political Studies 46 (5): 951–957.
Jenkins-Smith, H.C., D. Nohrstedt, C.M. Weible, and P.A. Sabatier. 2014. The Advocacy Coalition Framework: Foundations, Evolution, and Ongoing Research. In Theories of the Policy Process, ed. P.A. Sabatier and C.M. Weible, 183–223. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Johnson, D.C. 2013. Language Policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kymlicka, W., and A. Patten (eds.). 2003. Language Rights and Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Labour Party and Plaid Cymru. 2007. One Wales: A Progressive Agenda for the Government of Wales. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/27_06_07_onewales.pdf. Accessed 29 Apr 2021.
Lecours, A. 2000. Theorizing Cultural Identities: Historical Institutionalism as a Challenge to the Culturalists. Canadian Journal of Political Science 33 (3): 499–522.
Léger, R., and H. Lewis. 2017. Normative Approaches to Language Policy and Planning. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 38 (7): 577–583.
Lewis, H., and W. McLeod. 2021. Introduction: Language Revitalisation and Social Transformation. In Language Revitalisation and Social Transformation, ed. H. Lewis and W. McLeod, 1–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lewis, H., and E. Royles. Forthcoming. Governance, Complexity and Multi-Level LPP. In The Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning, ed. M. Gazzola et al. Abingdon, Routledge.
Loughlin, J., and C.H. Williams. 2007. Governance and Language: The Intellectual Foundations. In Language and Governance, ed. C.H. Williams, 57–103. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Lowi, T. 1972. Four Systems of Policy Politics and Choice. Public Administration Review 32 (4): 298–310.
Mac Giolla Chríost, D. 2016. The Welsh Language Commissioner in Context: Roles, Methods, Relationships. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
May, S. 2011. Language and Minority Rights: Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Politics of Language, 2nd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education.
McCormick, J. 2001. Environmental Policy in the European Union. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ó Flatharta, P., S. Sandberg, and C.H. Williams. 2014. From Act to Action: Language Legislation in Finland, Ireland and Wales. Dublin: Fiontar.
Parsons, S. 2005. Rational Choice and Politics: A Critical Introduction. London: Continuum.
Patten, A. 2001. Political Theory and Language Policy. Political Theory 29 (5): 683–707.
Patten, A. 2003. Liberal Neutrality and Language Policy. Philosophy and Public Affairs 31 (4): 356–386.
Peters, B.G. 2012. Institutional Theory in Political Science: The New Institutionalism. London: Continuum.
Peters, B.G. 2015. Advanced Introduction to Public Policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Phillipson, R. 1992. Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rawlings, R. 2003. Delineating Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Richard Commission. 2004. Commission on the Powers and Electoral Arrangements of the National Assembly for Wales. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100404200945/http:/www.richardcommission.gov.uk/content/finalreport/report-e.pdf. Accessed 12 June 2021.
Royles, E., and H. Lewis. 2019. Language Policy in Multi-Level Systems. British Journal of Politics and International Relations 21 (4): 709–727.
Sabatier, P.A., and C.M. Weible (eds.). 2014. Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Schiffman, H. 1996. Linguistic Culture and Language Policy. London: Routledge.
Sonntag, S.K., and L. Cardinal. 2015. Introduction: State Traditions and Language Regimes: Conceptualizing Language Policy Choices. In State Traditions and Language Regimes, ed. S.K. Sonntag and L. Cardinal, 3–28. Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Spolsky, B. 2004. Language Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thelen, K. 1999. A Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics. Annual Review of Political Science 2: 369–404.
Tollefson, J. 1991. Planning Language, Planning Inequality. London: Longman.
Van Parijs, P. 2011. Linguistic Justice for Europe and the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Welsh Assembly Government. 2003. Iaith Pawb—A National Action Plan for a Bilingual Wales. Cardiff: Welsh Assembly Government.
Welsh Government. 2012. A Living Language: A Language for Living—Welsh Language Strategy 2012–2017. Cardiff: Welsh Government.
Welsh Government. 2017. Cymraeg 2050: A Million Welsh Speakers. Cardiff: Welsh Government.
Welsh Language Act 1993. 1993 c. 38. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1993/38/contents. Accessed 6 Mar 2021.
Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011. 2011 nawm 1. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/mwa/2011/1/contents/enacted. Accessed 6 Mar 2021.
Williams, C.H. 2004. Iaith Pawb: The Doctrine of Plenary Inclusion. Contemporary Wales 19: 1–27.
Williams, C.H. (ed.). 2007. Language and Governance. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Williams, C.H. 2012. Language Policy, Territorialism and Regional Autonomy. In The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy, ed. B. Spolsky, 174–202. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Williams, C.H. 2013a. Minority Language Promotion, Protection and Regulation: The Mask of Piety. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Williams, C.H. 2013b. Official Language Strategies in Comparative Perspective. Cardiff: Network for the Promotion of Linguistic Diversity.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lewis, H., Royles, E. (2022). Examining the Political Origins of Language Policies. In: McLeod, W., Dunbar, R., Jones, K., Walsh, J. (eds) Language, Policy and Territory. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94346-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94346-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-94345-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-94346-2
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)