Abstract
This chapter will explore the discourses around lesbian parenting, to consider whether it remains ‘progressive’ as an alternative family form, whether it is now so commonplace that it is normalised or whether it occupies another different space altogether. I provide a brief overview of the history of lesbian parenting in the UK before considering how various discourses over this time attached meaning to lesbians having and raising children. I will reflect on how social work practice with lesbian parents has changed and discuss how the learning applies to working with queer families.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brown, C., Andrew, C., & Adams, P. (2018). Practice note 69. Assessing and supporting transgender foster carers and adopters. Coram BAAF Adoption and Fostering Academy.
Brown, C., & Rogers, M. (2020). Removing gender barriers: Promoting inclusion for trans and non-binary carers in fostering and adoption. Child and Family Social Work, 25(3), 594–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12731
Brown, H. C., & Cocker, C. (2011). Social work with lesbians and gay men. SAGE.
Chambers, S. A. (2007). “An incalculable effect”: Subversions of heternormativity. Political Studies, 55, 656–679.
Clarke, V. (2005). Feminist perspectives on lesbian parenting: A review of the literature 1972–2002. Psychology of Women Section Review, 7(2), 11–23.
Clarke, V. (2008). From outsiders to motherhood to reinventing the family: Constructions of lesbian parenting in the psychological literature — 1886–2006. Women’s Studies International Forum, 31(2), 118–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2008.03.004
Cocker, C. (2011). Sexuality before ability? The assessment of lesbians as adopters. In P. Dunk-West & T. Hafford-Letchfield (Eds.), Sexual identities and sexuality in social work: Research and reflections from women in the field (pp. 141–162). Ashgate.
Cocker, C. (2015). Social work and adoption: The impact of civil partnerships and same sex marriage. In N. Barker & D. Monk (Eds.), From civil partnership to same sex marriage: Interdisciplinary reflections (pp. 97–114). Routledge.
Cocker, C., & Brown, H. C. (2010). Sex, sexuality and relationships: Develo** confidence and discernment when assessing lesbian and gay prospective adopters. Adoption & Fostering, 34(1), 20–32.
Cocker, C., & Hafford-Letchfield, T. (2021). LGBT parenting. In SJ Dodd (ed) The Handbook of Social Work and Sexualities Routledge, NY.
Cocker, C., Hafford-Letchfield, T., Ryan, P., & Barran, C. (2019). Positioning discourse on homophobia in schools: What have lesbian and gay families got to say? Qualitative Social Work, 18(5), 800–817. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325018767720
Cooper, D. (1994). Sexing the city: Lesbian and gay politics and the activist state. Rivers Oram Press.
Cooper, D., & Herman, D. (1995). Getting ‘the family right’: Legislating heterosexuality in Britain, 1986–91. In D. Herman & C. Stychin (Eds.), Legal inversions: Lesbians, gay men and the politics of law (pp. 162–179). Temple University Press.
Department for Education. (2021, 19 February). Children looked after in England including adoptions—Reporting year 2020. Retrieved from https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/children-looked-after-in-england-including-adoptions/2020
Dunk-West, P., & Hafford-Letchfield, T. (2011). Sexual identities and sexuality in social work: Research and reflections from women in the field. Ashgate.
Gabb, J. (2004). Critical differentials: Querying the incongruities between research on lesbian parent families. Sexualities, 7(2), 171–187.
Gabb, J. (2005). Locating lesbian parent families: Everyday negotiations of lesbian motherhood in Britain. Gender, Place and Culture, 12(4), 419–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690500356768
Gabb, J. (2018). Unsettling lesbian motherhood: Critical reflections over a generation (1990–2015). Sexualities, 21(7), 1002–1020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460717718510
Giddens, A. (1992). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Polity Press.
Golombok, S. (2000). Parenting: What really counts? Routledge.
Golombok, S., Perry, B., Burston, A., Murray, C., Mooney-Somers, J., Stevens, M., & Golding, J. (2003). Children with lesbian parents: A community study. Developmental Psychology, 39, 20–33.
Golombok, S., Spencer, A., & Rutter, M. (1983). Children in lesbian and single parent households: Psychosexual and psychiatric appraisal. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 551–572.
Golombok, S., & Tasker, F. (1996). Do parents influence the sexual orientation of their children? Findings from a longitudinal study of lesbian families. Developmental Psychology, 32, 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.1.3
Green, G., & Bozett, F. (1991). Lesbian mothers and gay fathers. In J. Gonsiorek & J. Weinrich (Eds.), Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy (pp. 197–214). Sage.
Hafford-Letchfield, T., Cocker, C., Manning, R., & McCormack, K. (2020). Trans and nonbinary parenting. In S. K. Kattari, N. E. Walls, K. Leo Kattari, & M. K. Kinney (Eds.), Social work and health care with transgender and nonbinary individuals and communities. Routledge.
Hafford-Letchfield, T., Cocker, C., Rutter, D., Manning, R., & McCormack, K. (2021). Doing the right thing and getting it right: Professional perspectives in social work on supporting parents from gender diverse communities. International Journal of Transgender Health, 22(1–2), 154–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1831417
Hafford-Letchfield, T., Cocker, C., Rutter, D., Tinarwo, M., McCormack, K., & Manning, R. (2019). What do we know about transgender parenting?: Findings from a systematic review. Health and Social Care in the Community, 27, 1111–1125. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12759
Hafford-Letchfield, T., Cocker, C., Ryan, P., & Melonowska, J. (2016). Rights through alliances: Findings from a European project tackling homophobic and transphobic bullying in schools through the engagement of families and young people. British Journal of Social Work, 46(8), 2338–2356.
Hanscombe, G., & Forster, J. (1982). Rocking the cradle: Lesbian mothers, a challenge in family living. Sheba Feminist Publishers.
Hicks, S. (2000). Good lesbian, bad lesbian...Regulating heterosexuality in fostering and adoption assessments. Child and Family Social Work, 5(2), 157–168.
Hicks, S. (2005). Lesbian and gay foster care and adoption: A brief UK history. Adoption and Fostering, 29(3), 42–56.
Hicks, S. (2011). Lesbian, gay and queer parenting: Families, intimacies, genealogies. Palgrave.
Hicks, S. (2014). Deconstructing the family. In C. Cocker & T. Hafford-Letchfield (Eds.), Rethinking anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive theories for social work practice. Palgrave.
Hicks, S., & McDermott, J. (2018). Lesbian and gay fostering and adoption: Extraordinary yet ordinary (2nd ed.). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Hill, N. (2009). The pink guide to adoption for lesbians and gay men. British Association for Adoption and Fostering.
Hosking, G., & Ripper, M. (2012). In the best interests of the (silenced) child. Australian Feminist Studies, 27(72), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2012.648261
Kahn, K. (1995). The politics of family. In K. Kahn (Ed.), Frontline feminism, 1975–1995: Essays from Sojourner’s first 20 years (pp. 132–137). Aunt Lute Books.
Mallon, G., & Betts, B. (2005). Recruiting, assessing and supporting lesbian and gay carers and adopters. British Association for Adoption and Fostering.
Martin, A. (1993). The lesbian and gay parenting handbook: Creating and raising our families. Harper Collins.
Mason, K., Cocker, C., & Hafford-Letchfield, T. (2020). Sexuality and religion: From the court of appeal to the social work classroom. Social Work Education, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2020.1805426
Mellish, L., Jennings, S., Tasker, F., Lamb, M., & Golombok, S. (2013). Gay, lesbian and heterosexual adoptive families: Family relationships, child adjustment and adopters’ experiences. British Association for Adoption and Fostering.
Patterson, C. (1992). Children of lesbian and gay parents. Child Development, 63(5), 1025. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131517
Patterson, C. (2005). Lesbian and gay parenting. American Psychological Association.
Patterson, C. (2017). Parents’ sexual orientation and children’s development. Child Development Perspectives, 11(1), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12207
Pies, C. (1985). Considering parenthood: A workbook for lesbians. Spinsters/Aunt Lute.
Pollack, S. (1987). Lesbian mothers: A lesbian-feminist perspective on research. In S. Pollack & J. Vaughan (Eds.), Politics of the heart: A lesbian parenting anthology. Firebrand Books.
Pollack, S., & Vaughn, J. (1987). Politics of the heart: A lesbian parenting anthology. Firebrand Books.
Rights of Women Lesbian Custody Group. (1986). Lesbian mothers’ legal handbook. The Women’s Press.
Saffron, L. (1986). Getting pregnant our own way: Guide to alternative insemination. Women’s Health Information Centre.
Saffron, L. (1994). Challenging conceptions: Planning a family by self-insemination. Cassell.
Sisterhood and After Research Team. (2013). Women’s liberation: A national movement. Retrieved from https://www.bl.uk/sisterhood/articles/womens-liberation-a-national-movement#
Skeates, J., & Jabri, D. (1988). Fostering and adoption by lesbians and gay men. London: Strategic Policy Unit. Retrieved from.
Spade, D., & Willse, C. (2013, September 6). Marriage will never set us free. Beyond Capitalism.
Thatcher, M. (1987, October 3). Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, talking to Women’s Own magazine. Women’s Own.
Walls, N. E., Kattari, S. K., & DeChants, J. (2018). Transmasculine spectrum parenting: Beyond a gendered fatherhood. Social Work Research, 42(3), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svy020
Walls, N. E., Kattari, S. K., Speer, S. R., & Kinney, M. K. (2019). Transfeminine spectrum parenting: Evidence from the national transgender discrimination survey. Social Work Research, 43(3), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svz005
Weeks, J., Heaphy, B., & Donovan, C. (2001). Same sex intimacies: Families of choice and other life experiments. Routledge.
Wood, K. (2016). ‘It’s all a bit pantomime’: An exploratory study of gay and lesbian adopters and foster-carers in England and Wales. British Journal of Social Work, 46(6), 1708–1723. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcv115
Wood, K. (2018). Families beyond boundaries: Conceptualising kinship in gay and lesbian adoption and fostering. Child & Family Social Work, 23(2), 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12394
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cocker, C. (2022). Lesbian Parenting: Rebellious or Conformist?. In: Cocker, C., Hafford-Letchfield, T. (eds) Rethinking Feminist Theories for Social Work Practice. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94241-0_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94241-0_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-94240-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-94241-0
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)