Abstract
Lymphatic map** and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is now a standard procedure for melanoma and breast cancer, providing the most accurate staging in those diseases. This technique is now also being applied to other malignancies, including non-small cell lung carcinoma, colon cancer, and thyroid cancer, although without widespread acceptance as yet. This chapter reviews the use of SLN biopsy in those malignancies including technical details, SLN detection rates, frequency of nodal upstaging, and potential clinical applications and limitations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kett K, Varga G, Lukacs L. Direct lymphography of the breast. Lymphology. 1970;3(1):3–12.
Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH, Economou JS, Cagle LA, Storm FK, Foshag LJ, Cochran AJ. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic map** for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg. 1992;127(4):392–9.
Lou F, Huang J, Sima CS, Dycoco J, Rusch V, Bach PB. Patterns of recurrence and second primary lung cancer in early stage lung cancer survivors followed with routine CT surveillance. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;145(1):75–82.
Rusch VW, Hawes D, Decker PA, Martin SE, Abati A, Landreneau RJ, Patterson GA, Inculet RI, Jones DR, Malthaner RA, Cohen RG. Occult metastases in lymph nodes predict survival in resectable non-small cell lung cancer: report of the ACOSOG Z0040 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(32):4313.
Little AG, DeHoyos A, Kirgan DM, Arcomano TR, Murray KD. Intraoperative lymphatic map** for non-small cell lung cancer: the sentinel node technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;117(2):220–4.
Liptay MJ, Masters GA, Winchester DJ, Edelman BL, Garrido BJ, Hirschtritt TR, Perlman RM, Fry WA. Intraoperative radioisotope sentinel lymph node map** in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70(2):384–9.
Normori H, Horio H, Naruke T, Orikasa H, Yamazaki K, Suemasu K. Use of technetium-99m tin colloid for sentinel lymph node identification in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;124(3):486–92.
Schmidt FE, Woltering EA, Webb WR, Garcia OM, Cohen JE, Rozans MH. Sentinel nodal assessment in patients with carcinoma of the lung. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74(3):870–5.
Sugi K, Fukuda M, Nakamura H, Kaneda Y. Comparison of three tracers for detecting sentinel lymph nodes in patients with clinical N0 lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2003;39(1):37–40.
Melfi FM, Chella A, Menconi GF, Givigliano F, Boni G, Mariani G, Sbragia P, Angeletti CA. Intraoperative radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;23(2):214–20.
Lardinois D, Brack T, Gaspert A, Spahr T, Schneiter D, Steinert HC, Weder W. Bronchoscopic radioisotope injection for sentinel lymph node map** in potentially resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;23(5):824–7.
Nakagawa T, Minamiya Y, Katayose Y, Saito H, Taguchi K, Imano H, Watanabe H, Enomoto K, Sageshima M, Ueda T, Ogawa JI. A novel method for sentinel lymph node map** using magnetite in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;126(2):563–7.
Faries MB, Bleicher RJ, Ye X, Essner R, Morton DL. Lymphatic map** and sentinel lymphadenectomy for primary and metastatic pulmonary malignant neoplasms. Arch Surg. 2004;139(8):870–7.
Bilchik AJ, Nora DT, Sobin LH, Turner RR, Trocha S, Krasne D, Morton DL. Effect of lymphatic map** on the new tumor-node-metastasis classification for colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(4):668–72.
Saha S, Wiese D, Badin J, Beutler T, Nora D, Ganatra BK, Desai D, Kaushal S, Nagaraju M, Arora M, Singh T. Technical details of sentinel lymph node map** in colorectal cancer and its impact on staging. Ann Surg Oncol. 2000;7:120–4.
Patten LC, Berger DH, Rodriguez-Bigas M, Mansfield P, Delpassand E, Cleary KR, Fagan SP, Curley SA, Hunt KK, Feig BW. A prospective evaluation of radiocolloid and immunohistochemical staining in colon carcinoma lymphatic map**. Cancer. 2004;100(10):2104–9.
Blichik AJ, Nora D, Tollenaar RA, Van de Velde CJ, Wood T, Turner R, Morton DL, Hoon DS. Ultrastaging of early colon cancer using lymphatic map** and molecular analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2002;38(7):977–85.
Saha S, Dan AG, Beutler T, Wiese D, Schochet E, Badin J, Branigan T, Ng P, Bassily N, David D. Sentinel lymph node map** technique in colon cancer. Semin Oncol. 2004;31(3):374–81.
Wong JH, Johnson DS, Namiki T, Tauchi-Nishi P. Validation of ex vivo lymphatic map** in hematoxylin-eosin node-negative carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11(8):772–7.
Wood TF, Saha S, Morton DL, Tsioulias GJ, Rangel D, Hutchinson W, Foshag LJ, Bilchik AJ. Validation of lymphatic map** in colorectal cancer: in vivo, ex vivo and laparoscopic techniques. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001;8(2):150–7.
Bertagnolli M, Miedema B, Redston M, Dowell J, Niedzwiecki D, Fleshman J, Bem J, Mayer R, Zinner M, Compton C. Sentinel node staging of resectable colon cancer. Results of a multicenter study. Ann Surg. 2004;240(4):624.
Digesu CS, Hachey KJ, Gilmore DM, Khullar OV, Tsukada H, Whang B, Chirieac LR, Padera RF, Jaklitsch MT, Colson YL. Long term outcomes after near-infrared sentinel lymph node map** in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2018;155(3):1280–91.
Kubuschok B, Passlick B, Izbicki JR, Thetter O, Pantel K. Disseminated tumor cells in lymph nodes as a determinant for survival in surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(1):19–9.
Le Voyer TE, Sigurdson ER, Hanlon AL, Mayer RJ, Macdonald JS, Catalano PJ, Haller DG. Colon cancer survival is associated with increasing number of lymph nodes analyzed: a secondary survey of intergroup trial INT-0089. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(15):2912–9.
Cohen AM, Kelsen D, Saltz L, Minsky BD, Nelson H, Farouk R, Gunderson LL, Michelassi F, Arenas RB, Schilsky RL, Willet CG. Adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer. Curr Probl Surg. 1997;34(8):601–76.
Cohen AM, Tremiterra S, Candela F, Thaler HT, Sigurdson ER. Prognosis of nodal positive cancer. Cancer. 1991;67(7):1859–61.
Saha S, Elgamal M, Cherry M, Buttar R, Pentapati S, Mukkamala S, Devisetty K, Kaushal S, Alnounou M, Singh T, Grewal S. Challenging the conventional treatment of colon cancer by sentinel lymph node map** and its role of detecting micrometastases for adjuvant chemotherapy. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2018;36(5–6):463–9.
Weixler B, Rickenbacher A, Raptis DA, Viehl CT, Guller U, Rueff J, Zetti A, Zuber M. Sentinel lymph node map** with isosulfan blue or indocyanine green in colon cancer shows comparable results and identifies patients with decreased survival: a prospective single-center trial. World J Surg. 2017;41(9):2378–86.
Protic M, Stojadinovic A, Nissan A, Wainberg Z, Steele SR, Chen DC, Avital I, Bilchik AJ. Prognostic effect of ultra-staging node-negative colon cancer without adjuvant chemotherapy: a prospective national cancer institute-sponsored clinical trial. J Am Coll Surg. 2015;221(3):643–51.
Bilchik AJ, Hoon DS, Saha S, Turner RR, Wiese D, DiNome M, Koyanagi K, McCarter M, Shen P, Iddings D, Chen SL. Prognostic impact of micrometastases in colon cancer. Interim results of a prospective multicenter trial. Ann Surg. 2007;246(4):568–77.
Albers MB, Nordenstrom E, Wohlfahrt J, Bergenfelz A, Almquist M. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in thyroid cancer. World J Surg. 2020;44(1):142–7.
Cabrera RN, Chone CT, Zantut-Wittmann D, Matos P, Perreira DM, Pereira PS, Ferrari RJ, Santos AO, Crespo AN, Etchebehere EC. Value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in papillary thyroid cancer: initial results of a prospective trial. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;272(4):971–9.
Keleman PR, Van Herle AJ, Giuliano AE. Sentinel lymphadenectomy in thyroid malignant neoplasms. Arch Surg. 2008;133(3):288–92.
Balasubramanian SP, Brignall J, Lin HY, Stephenson TJ, Wadsley J, Harrison BJ, Craig WL, Smart L, Krukowski. Sentinel node biopsy in papillary thyroid cancer—what is the potential? Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2014;399(2):245–51.
Wiese DA, Saha S, Badin J, Ng PS, Gauthier J, Ahsan A, Yu L. Pathologic evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in colorectal carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124(12):1759–63.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kays, J.K., Faries, M.B. (2022). Sentinel Lymph Node Map** in Non-small Cell Lung, Colon, and Thyroid Carcinomas. In: Leong, S.P., Nathanson, S.D., Zager, J.S. (eds) Cancer Metastasis Through the Lymphovascular System. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93084-4_34
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93084-4_34
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-93083-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-93084-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)