Heidegger and the German Reception of the Zhuangzi

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Dao Companion to the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi

Part of the book series: Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy ((DCCP,volume 16))

Abstract

Heidegger reportedly received a copy of the German translation of The Book of Tea (a work inspired in part by both Zen Buddhism and Daoism) by Kakuzō Okakura in 1919. This work coined the German expression, utilized to describe human existence in Being and Time (1927), In-der-Welt-sein (being-in-the world). His friend the German writer Heinrich Wiegand Petzet (1909–1997) recounted in his Encounters and Dialogues with Martin Heidegger, 19291976 how Heidegger visited Bremen in October 1930 to give a lecture that would eventually become “On the Essence of Truth” (Von Wesen der Wahrheit) in which he discussed the Daode**g 28 passage on light and darkness in relation to the unconcealing and concealing of being. Heidegger surprised everyone at a dinner party after the talk by asking his host for a copy of an obscure book called the Speeches and Parables of Zhuangzi (Reden und gleichnisse des Tschuang-tse) that has been translated from two English translations around two decades earlier by Martin Buber. Heidegger proceeded to read the Zhuangzian story about the joy of fish and the joy of watching the fish from the bridge above, a story that sets off a conversation between Zhuang Zhou (莊周; Zhuangzi 莊子) and Hui Shi (惠施; Huizi 惠子) on the possibility of genuinely recognizing the joy of fish, delving into its meaning for his audience (Petzet 1993: 18).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Imamichi 2004: 123; Okakura 1919; on this history, see Davis 2020: 161. Note that some parts of the current chapter overlap with Nelson 2019: 362–384.

  2. 2.

    Petzet 1993. For an overview of the relation between Heidegger and East Asian philosophy, see Davis 2013: 459–471; Davis 2020: 161–196; May 1996; Nelson 2017.

  3. 3.

    Buber, 1910. On the significance of Buber’s interpretation of the Zhuangzi in relation to Heidegger, see chapter 4 of Nelson 2017: 109–129. For an overview of Buber’s translation and interpretation, see Herman, 1996. On his relationship with Daoism, see Eber 1994: 445–464; Nelson 2020b: 105–120; Wirth 2020: 121–134.

  4. 4.

    Seekamp 1960: 72. Compare Ernst Bloch’s claim that Laozi’s dao appears simultaneously the easiest category to grasp and the most incomprehensible from the European perspective (Bloch 1959, vol. 2: 1445). Bloch also defines dao as a variety of life- and world-tact (Bloch 1959, vol. 2: 1438).

  5. 5.

    GA 74: 185. Compare Petzet 1993: 169; Nelson 2017: 120.

  6. 6.

    Nelson 2017: 120. Herman renders “wooden bell-stand” as “chime-post” (Herman 1996: 59). The received text states: 梓慶削木為鐻, 鐻成, 見者驚猶鬼神。魯侯見而問焉, 曰: “子何術以為焉?” 對曰: “臣工人, 何術之有!雖然, 有一焉。臣將為鐻, 未嘗敢以耗氣也, 必齊以靜心。齊三日, 而不敢懷慶賞爵祿; 齊五日, 不敢懷非譽巧拙; 齊七日, 輒然忘吾有四枝形體也。當是時也, 無公朝, 其巧專而外骨消; 然後入山林, 觀天性; 形軀至矣, 然後成見鐻, 然後加手焉; 不然則已。則以天合天, 器之所以疑神者, 其是與?”

    (Guo 1961: 658–659).

  7. 7.

    On the development and significance of Heidegger’s discourse of willing, not-willing, and Gelassenheit, see Davis 2007.

  8. 8.

    The “Letter on Humanism” provides a reflection on action and the problematic of activism that can be related to Daoist themes, as explored in Nelson 2004: 65–74; Nelson 2020. The letter questions the nature of the human in relation to nature and the inhuman that is also operative across the Zhuangzi. On humanism and anti-humanism in the Zhuangzi, see Nelson 2014: 723–739; Perkins 2010: 118–136; and Wenning 2014: 93–111.

  9. 9.

    GA 16: 563. On the Zhuangzi and purposive and non-purposive nourishing life (yangsheng), see Nelson 2020: 24–48.

  10. 10.

    On Heidegger’s early enthusiasm for, then increasingly ambivalent, and subsequently critical response toward National Socialism, which is evident in the Country Path Conversations, see Nelson 2017b: 77–88.

  11. 11.

    GA 77: 227; Heidegger 2010: 140. On waiting without expectation and will, and the releasement of the worlding of world and pure arrival, see: GA 97: 183.

  12. 12.

    This is Ziporyn’s translation of: “若一志, 無聽之以耳, 而聽之以心; 無聽之以心, 而聽之以氣。聽止於耳​, 心止于符。氣也者, 虛而待物者也。唯道集虛。虛者心齋也。” (Guo 1961: 147).

  13. 13.

    Wilhelm 1921, and Wilhelm 1948. Jung credits Wilhelm as a great inspiration in his life and work in his “Richard Wilhelm: In Memoriam” in Jung 1966: 53–62.

  14. 14.

    Wilhelm 1912: 9; also compare Nelson 2017: 67.

  15. 15.

    Buber 1962: 131. I show ways in which Buber’s I and Thou is informed by his earlier interpretation of the Zhuangzi in Nelson 2017: 109–129. On this Daoist dimension of Buber’s classic work, see Wirth 2020: 121–134.

  16. 16.

    Wilhelm describes how the Zhuangzi conveys the practical consequences of a “sovereign freedom” that is rooted beyond the entangling affairs of the world in the one. This leisurely unforced independence is free from every conditioning and limiting purpose, will, and striving (Wilhelm 1912: xiv).

  17. 17.

    Klages 1981: 342, 496. More recently, a number of works have emphasized the world-affirmative moment in the Zhuangzi in relation to Nietzsche such as Froese 2006.

  18. 18.

    In Wilhelm’s edition, this is translated: “Der Baum auf dem Berge beraubt sich selbst; das Öl in der Lampe verzehrt sich selbst. Der Zimtbaum ist eßbar, drum wird er gefällt; der Lackbaum ist nützlich, drum wird er zerspellt. Jedermann weiß, wie nützlich es ist, nützlich zu sein, und niemand weiß, wie nützlich es ist, nutzlos zu sein” (Wilhelm 1912: 36). The Chinese text states: “山木自寇也, 膏火自煎也, 桂可食, 故伐之; 漆可用, 故割之。人皆知有用之用, 而莫知無用之用也。” (Guo 1961: 186).

  19. 19.

    Wilhelm’s translation reads: “Hui Dsï sprach zu Dschuang Dsï: ‘Ihr redet von Unnötigem.’ Dschuang Dsï sprach: ‘Erst muß einer das Unnötige erkennen, ehe man mit ihm vom Nötigen reden kann. Die Erde ist ja weit und groß, und doch braucht der Mensch, um zu stehen, nur soviel Platz, daß er seinen Fuß darauf setzen kann. Wenn aber unmittelbar neben dem Fuß ein Riß entstünde bis hinab zu der Unterwelt, wäre ihm dann der Platz, worauf er steht, noch zu etwas nütze? ‘Hui Dsï sprach: ‘Er wäre ihm nichts mehr nütze.’ Dschuang Dsï sprach: ‘Daraus ergibt sich klar die Notwendigkeit des Unnötigen’” (Wilhelm 1912: 203–204). The received Chinese text states: “惠子謂莊子曰:子言無用。 莊子曰:知無用而始可與言用矣。夫地非不廣且大也, 人之所用容足耳。然則廁足而墊之致黃泉, 人尚有用乎?惠子曰:無用。 莊子曰:然則無用之為用也亦明矣。” (Guo 1961: 936).

  20. 20.

    See GA 96: 32, 91, 101, 162. In GA 97, this way of speaking is more closely interconnected with letting and concepts familiar from early ziranist Daoism.

  21. 21.

    On the development and significance of Gelassenheit in Heidegger, see Davis 2007.

  22. 22.

    On the significance of “nourishing life” in the Zhuangzi and nourishing creation in Buber, one of Heidegger’s sources for his understanding of the Zhuangzi, see Chap. 4 of Nelson 2017.

  23. 23.

    Wilhelm’s translation quoted by Heidegger: “Hui Dsï redete zu Dschuang Dsï und sprach: ‘Ich habe einen großen Baum. Die Leute nennen ihn Götterbaum. Der hat einen Stamm so knorrig und verwachsen, daß man ihn nicht nach der Richtschnur zersägen kann. Seine Zweige sind so krumm und gewunden, daß man sie nicht nach Zirkel und Winkelmaß verarbeiten kann. Da steht er am Weg, aber kein Zimmermann sieht ihn an. So sind Eure Worte, o Herr, groß und unbrauchbar, und alle wenden sich einmütig von ihnen ab.’ Dschuang Dsï sprach: ‘Habt Ihr noch nie einen Marder gesehen, der geduckten Leibes lauert und wartet, ob etwas vorüber kommt? Hin und her springt er über die Balken und scheut sich nicht vor hohem Sprunge, bis er einmal in eine Falle gerät oder in einer Schlinge zugrunde geht. Nun gibt es aber auch den Grunzochsen. Der ist groß wie eine Gewitterwolke; mächtig steht er da. Aber Mäuse fangen kann er freilich nicht. Nun habt Ihr so einen großen Baum und bedauert, daß er zu nichts nütze ist. Warum pflanzt Ihr ihn nicht auf eine öde Heide oder auf ein weites leeres Feld? Da könntet Ihr untätig in seiner Nähe umherstreifen und in Muße unter seinen Zweigen schlafen. Nicht Beil noch Axt bereitet ihm ein vorzeitiges Ende, und niemand kann ihm schaden. Daß etwas keinen Nutzen hat: was braucht man sich darüber zu bekümmern!’” (Wilhelm 1912: 7; Heidegger 1989: 8). The Chinese text reads: “惠子謂莊子曰:「吾有大樹, 人謂之樗。其大本擁腫而不中繩墨, 其小枝卷曲而不中規矩, 立之塗, 匠者不顧。今子之言, 大而無用, 眾所同去也。莊子曰:子獨不見狸狌乎?卑身而伏, 以候敖者; 東西跳梁, 不避高下; 中於機辟, 死於罔罟。今夫斄牛, 其大若垂天之雲。此能為大矣, 而不能執鼠。今子有大樹, 患其無用, 何不樹之於無何有之鄉, 廣莫之野, 彷徨乎無為其側, 逍遙乎寢臥其下?不夭斤斧, 物無害者, 無所可用, 安所困苦哉!” (Guo 1961: 39–40).

  24. 24.

    For a stronger portrayal of the argument that Heidegger had a Daoist turn, see **a 2017.

  25. 25.

    The Zhuangzi and Heidegger contest experiential reification and linguistic fixation through a variety of destructuring strategies, such paradoxes and goblet words in the Zhuangzi, and paradoxical and poetic speaking in Heidegger. On destructuring linguistic reification in Heidegger, see Rorty 1993: 337–357.

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Nelson, E. (2022). Heidegger and the German Reception of the Zhuangzi. In: Chong, Kc. (eds) Dao Companion to the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi. Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy, vol 16. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92331-0_33

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