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Nationalism and Terrorism

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Politics and Racism Beyond Nations

Abstract

This chapter examines how ethno-nationalist sentiments remain active and prominent well after the establishment of peace processes in the case of ETA (Basque Homeland and Freedom, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) following 2011 and in the case of the IRA (Irish Republican Army) following the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Additionally, I will demonstrate how ethno-nationalist minorities like Basques, Catalans, and (some) Northern Irish Catholics have sustained perspectives of ethno-subordination. This has lead them to imagine respectively an independent Basque Country, Catalonia, and a united Ireland (Northern Ireland with the rest of Ireland). Moreover, I critique how Basque celebrations of the return of political prisoners jeopardize their peace process, while the murder of a journalist by the New IRA also jeopardized the peace process in Northern Ireland.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Since the Democratic Spanish Transition, after 1978 to the present, Zulaika and Douglass (1996, 204–205), stated: “over 14,000 Basques have been arrested for political reasons, and that about 85 percent of those arrested are subjected to torture and maltreatment of all kinds. If we take into account that this repression has taken place almost exclusively among the so-called patriotic-left, which votes for the pro-ETA Herri Batasuna Party and which accounts for about 250,000 Basques, approximately one out of twenty in their ranks has suffered the harrowing effects of arrest and potential torture during the democratic period.”

  2. 2.

    https://www.newsweek.com/quora-george-washington-delaware-christmas-terrorism-406095.

    https://www.americanheritage.com/patriots-or-terrorists.

  3. 3.

    https://www.britannica.com/event/Reign-of-Terror.

  4. 4.

    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/02/basque-separatist-group-eta-announces-dissolution.

  5. 5.

    https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810220138302.

  6. 6.

    https://elpais.com/politica/2019/07/29/actualidad/1564419016_676669.html.

  7. 7.

    https://www.houstonchronicle.com/opinion/outlook/article/Linstroth-The-problems-with-an-imagined-12327711.php.

  8. 8.

    https://www.diariovasco.com/politica/gobierno-vasco-exige-20190729102833-nt.html.

  9. 9.

    https://elpais.com/politica/2019/07/29/actualidad/1564404282_963105.html.

  10. 10.

    https://twitter.com/Gob_eus/status/1155782961272360960.

  11. 11.

    http://www.memorialvt.com.

  12. 12.

    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/16/fugitive-ex-leader-of-eta-josu-ternera-basque-detained-in-france.

  13. 13.

    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/20/eta-apologises-basque-separatists-deadly-violence.

  14. 14.

    The seven Basque provinces are: Araba, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, and Nafarroa (Navarra) in Spain; and in France: Lapurdi, Nafarroa Beherea, and Zuberoa.

  15. 15.

    https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-Franco/Francos-dictatorship.

  16. 16.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabino_Arana.

  17. 17.

    https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/12/inenglish/1499853524_605938.html.

  18. 18.

    http://www.struggle.ws/mexico/ezln/2003/marcos/etaJAN.html.

  19. 19.

    https://icgbasquedotorg.wordpress.com/documents/brussels-declaration/.

  20. 20.

    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/20/eta-apologises-basque-separatists-deadly-violence.

  21. 21.

    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/20/eta-apologises-basque-separatists-deadly-violence.

  22. 22.

    https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20180420/victimas-rechazan-perdon-selectivo-eta-falta-autocritica/1718661.shtml.

  23. 23.

    https://global.oup.com/academic/product/endgame-for-eta-9780199387540?q=endgame%20for%20eta&lang=en&cc=us.

  24. 24.

    http://okra.stanford.edu/transcription/document_images/Vol05Scans/27Apr1960_SufferingandFaith.pdf.

  25. 25.

    https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/22/lyra-mckee-friends-stage-protest-derry-offices-saoradh.

  26. 26.

    https://www.britannica.com/topic/Good-Friday-Agreement.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles.

  27. 27.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoradh.

  28. 28.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972).

  29. 29.

    https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/25/up-to-200-ex-soldiers-being-investigated-over-troubles-allegations.

  30. 30.

    https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/apr/20/poverrty-paramilitaries-derry-fertile-soil-revolt-killing-lyra-mckee.

  31. 31.

    https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/02/brexit-threatens-peace-northern-ireland-remain-eu/582970/.

  32. 32.

    https://www.derechopenalenlared.com/libros/labyrinths-borges.pdf.

  33. 33.

    J. P. Linstroth (2015). Marching Against Gender Practice: Political Imaginings in the Basqueland. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

  34. 34.

    https://www.londonderrysentinel.co.uk/news/politics/fear-and-loathing-so-called-new-ira-2038115.

  35. 35.

    https://www.naiz.eus/en/iritzia/articulos/fin-de-una-era-para-eta-que-la-paz-vasca-puede-continuar.

  36. 36.

    http://www.peacevoice.info/2019/05/18/end-of-an-era-for-eta-may-basque-peace-continue/.

    http://www.peacevoice.info/2019/05/13/irish-return-to-political-violence/.

    https://www.counterpunch.org/2019/05/20/end-of-an-era-for-eta-may-basque-peace-continue/.

    https://www.counterpunch.org/2019/05/03/irish-return-to-political-violence/.

  37. 37.

    https://archive.org/details/HindSwaraj-CWMG-051/page/xxiv/mode/2up.

  38. 38.

    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41783289.

  39. 39.

    https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/02/europe/catalonia-independence-referendum-explainer/index.html.

  40. 40.

    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/27/mariano-rajoy-fires-catalan-regional-government.

  41. 41.

    https://www.un.org/en/about-us.

  42. 42.

    https://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/library/library_exhibitions/schoolresources/exploration/scramble_for_africa.

  43. 43.

    https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/14/world/europe/catalonia-separatists-verdict-spain.html.

  44. 44.

    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/19/artur-mas-catalonia-independence-too-far-too-fast.

  45. 45.

    https://www.nfl.com/news/colin-kaepernick-explains-why-he-sat-during-national-anthem-0ap3000000691077.

  46. 46.

    https://www.nfl.com/news/donald-trump-on-kaepernick-find-another-country-0ap3000000692256.

  47. 47.

    https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/74/700.

  48. 48.

    See Fonkem Achankeng (2015) (ed.) Nationalism and Intra-State Conflicts in the Postcolonial World.

  49. 49.

    See Tuso (n.d.).

  50. 50.

    https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/01/17/death-of-the-tiger.

  51. 51.

    https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/protecting-the-good-friday-agreement-from-brexit/.

  52. 52.

    https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/oct/23/spanish-state-repression-catalonia-democracy-basque?CMP=share_btn_fb&fbclid=IwAR2OAJzox40xPQy8XdpFpx60SEY_-ng6Dn3lOC2B-fDbkpdXSWR1gfhsPvU.

  53. 53.

    https://english.elpais.com/spain/2021-06-22/spanish-government-approves-pardons-for-nine-jailed-leaders-of-2017-catalan-secession-attempt.html.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Arts and Sciences, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL, USA

    J. P. Linstroth

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Linstroth, J.P. (2022). Nationalism and Terrorism. In: Politics and Racism Beyond Nations. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91720-3_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91720-3_3

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  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-91719-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-91720-3

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