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Early Life Nutrition and the Programming of the Phenotype

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Development Strategies and Biodiversity

Part of the book series: Fascinating Life Sciences ((FLS))

Abstract

Early developmental nutrition profoundly influences phenotypic trajectories and affects adult morphology, physiology, behaviour, longevity and fitness across taxa. During early life, the interplay amongst quantitative (e.g., caloric intake), qualitative (macro- and micronutrient balance) and temporal (nutrient restrictions, predictability) aspects of early diet imposes constraints, as animals seek to balance their nutritional demands to optimise their development. The physiological mechanisms controlling food intake are established during early development, and environmental conditions at this time may play a role in determining long-term fitness. For vertebrates, the physiological axis regulating food intake interacts with the physiological response to environmental stressors and this may induce long-term programming of feeding behaviour and the adult phenotype. The diverse phenotypic and fitness consequences across ontogeny are dependent on both the magnitude and duration of ‘non-optimal’ nutrition during early development, as well as the degree of developmental plasticity in trait development. During early development, nutrition directly, or indirectly, affects cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. At this time, the capacity for compensation for periods of nutritional restriction is reduced and there are critical developmental windows of increased susceptibility, with potential for irreversible phenotypic plasticity. Such trait-specific critical windows for nutritional sensitivity may have adaptive explanations, favouring early life plasticity in relation to both environmental cues and environmental predictability. Whether responses to nutritional deficiencies represent developmental constraints or adaptive responses for future environmental conditions is in many cases unclear. Furthermore, transgenerational impacts of early life diet are documented in a small range of species, but the ecological and evolutionary relevance of these effects and capacity for selection on the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. Future research that seeks to better detail the mechanistic understanding of how complex nutritional trade-offs alter developmental trajectories to specifically influence fitness offers considerable potential to benefit humans and animals, across diverse environmental settings.

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  1. Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia

    Katherine L. Buchanan, Alizée Meillère & Tim S. Jessop

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Buchanan, K.L., Meillère, A., Jessop, T.S. (2022). Early Life Nutrition and the Programming of the Phenotype. In: Costantini, D., Marasco, V. (eds) Development Strategies and Biodiversity. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90131-8_6

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