Abstract
Due to beneficial side effects of dietary cholesterol and phytosterols, these lipidic compounds need reconsideration as feedstuff for fishes. Studies point out that their controlling function appears to be more complex than previously anticipated. Since cholesterol cannot be biosynthesized de novo, it is an essential nutrient to crustaceans, mollusks, and likely other invertebrates. In fishes, stimulated LC-PUFA biosynthesis by dietary cholesterol occurs, and cholesterol is considered a hidden treasure of fish nutrition. However, deficient as well excess dietary cholesterol levels lead to adverse effects, such as inflammation and reduced antibacterial peptide production. Adverse effects of high-cholesterol diets can be reduced after supplementation with probiotics. The replacement of cholesterol by phytosterols is documented in several studies, but the information is not yet consistent. Appropriate dietary phospholipids strengthen the immune and antioxidant defense systems and tight junction barrier in fishes. Except for Atlantic salmon, the nutritional role of wax esters in other lipid species remains obscure. A few studies point out a significant role of intestinal microbiota and epigenetics in the nutrition with sterols, phospholipids, and wax esters.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
Set of aliphatic amino alcohols.
- 3.
Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body (Nelson and Cox 2005).
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Steinberg, C.E.W. (2022). Sterols, Phospholipids, and Wax Esters—‘Stay Healthy, Avoid Cholesterol’. In: Aquatic Animal Nutrition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87227-4_31
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