Abstract
The period of conceptus (embryo and extraembryonic membrane) development between fertilization and implantation in mammalian species is critical as it sets the stage for placental and fetal development. The trophectoderm and endoderm of pre-implantation ovine and porcine conceptuses undergo elongation, which requires rapid proliferation, migration, and morphological modification of the trophectoderm cells. These complex events occur in a hypoxic intrauterine environment and are supported through the transport of secretions from maternal endometrial glands to the conceptus required for the biochemical processes of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The conceptus utilizes glucose provided by the mother to initiate metabolic pathways that provide energy and substrates for other metabolic pathways. Fructose, however, is in much greater abundance than glucose in amniotic and allantoic fluids, and fetal blood during pregnancy. Despite this, the role(s) of fructose is largely unknown even though a switch to fructosedriven metabolism in subterranean rodents and some cancers are key to their adaptation to hypoxic environments.
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Abbreviations
- BNC:
-
Binucleated trophoblast giant cells
- DHAP:
-
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- ESR1:
-
Estrogen receptor α
- F1P:
-
Fructose-1-phosphate
- F6P:
-
Fructose-6-phosphate
- G6P:
-
Glucose-6-phosphate
- G6PDH:
-
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GAP:
-
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- HIF1A:
-
Hypoxia inducible factor-1α
- IFNT:
-
Interferon tau
- KHK:
-
Ketohexokinase
- LE:
-
Luminal epithelia
- NAD+/NADH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADP+/NADPH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- OXTR:
-
Oxytocin receptor
- PFK:
-
Phosphofructokinase-1
- PGF2α:
-
Prostaglandin F2α
- PHGDH:
-
Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
- PPP:
-
Pentose phosphate pathway
- PSPH:
-
Phosphoserine phosphatase
- SHMT:
-
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
- SLC2A:
-
Facilitative glucose transporter family
- SLC5A:
-
Sodium-dependent glucose transporter family
- TCA:
-
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
- TGC:
-
Multinucleated trophoblast giant cell
- UDP-glcNAc:
-
Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
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Work in our laboratories was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2018-67015-28093 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
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Moses, R.M., Kramer, A.C., Seo, H., Wu, G., Johnson, G.A., Bazer, F.W. (2022). A Role for Fructose Metabolism in Development of Sheep and Pig Conceptuses. In: Wu, G. (eds) Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition and Metabolism. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1354. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_3
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