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Conclusion: Blueprints for the Nation They Left Behind

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Social Justice at Apartheid’s Dawn

Part of the book series: African Histories and Modernities ((AHAM))

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Abstract

This chapter intersperses theory and the women’s words to chart the distinct ways that these activist intellectuals left behind a roadmap to save the nation. Of all the things the women championed and became involved with, they did not appear to link the South African struggle to broader discussions globally aside from allusions. Therefore, this chapter incorporates an imagined political document culled from their words to illustrate how they could have entered the international platform and the wider conversation governing the world for social justice.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Nomabunu’s article discussed.

  2. 2.

    Robert R. Edgar, Freedom in Our Lifetime: The Collected Writings of Anton Muziwakhe Lembede (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1996), 21.

  3. 3.

    Cecilia Lillian Tshabalala, ‘Other Women,’ contd., Bantu World, January 22, 1938, 11.

  4. 4.

    Inkulumoka KaNkosikazi A. J. L. Dube.

  5. 5.

    “Daughters of Africa in Maritzburg Amalgamation, the War Discussed,” Ilanga laseNatal, February 1, 1941, 9.

  6. 6.

    Ibid.

  7. 7.

    Ibid.

  8. 8.

    Letter to Edith Rheinallt Jones from Eleanor Hlahle, National Council of African Women, Organisations, AD843/RJ/Pn 2.2, Historical Papers, Cullen Library, University of the Witwatersrand.

  9. 9.

    National Council of African Women, Organisations, Cullen Library, University of the Witwatersrand, AD843/RJ/Pn2.1.

  10. 10.

    Letter to Mrs. Rheinallt Jones from Mina Soga, 27 July 1942, National Council of African Women, Organisations, AD843/RJ/Pn 2.2, Historical Papers, Cullen Library, University of the Witwatersrand.

  11. 11.

    Ibid.

  12. 12.

    James Farmer, Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement (San Antonio: Texas Christian University, 1998), 55–60.

  13. 13.

    Letter to Dr. Alfred B. Xuma from Cecilia Lillian Tshabalala, “South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR) AD843.” Historical Papers, Cullen Library, University of the Witwatersrand.

  14. 14.

    Bertha Mkhize Interview, A. Manson and D. Collins, interviewers, Oral History Programme, Killie Campbell library, KCAV151, August 14, 22, 1979.

  15. 15.

    Peter Limb, The ANC’s Early Years, 263.

  16. 16.

    Ray Alexander (Simons), https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/alexander-simons-ray, date accessed 6 March 2021.

  17. 17.

    Dr. Abdullah Abdurrahman, https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abdullah-abdurahman, date accessed 1 November 2021.

  18. 18.

    Zainunnisa ‘Cissie’ Gool: The Jewel of District Six, https://capetownmuseum.org.za/they-built-this-city/zainunnisa-cissie-gool/ date accessed 2 April 2021.

  19. 19.

    Ray Alexander (Simons).

  20. 20.

    A. Manson and D. Collins, Bertha Mkhize Interview and P. E. Raper, Dictionary of Southern African Place Name (London: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 1989) 330 opp. cited, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndwedwe, 8 June 2021.

  21. 21.

    A. Manson and D. Collins, Bertha Mkhize interview.

  22. 22.

    Amadodakazi kwaZulu (Daughters in KwaZulu), Ilanga lase Natal (August 31, 1946), 4. Translations conducted by Mpumelelo MaBiyela Bhengu Ngizoke ngithi qaphu ngo hambo lwethu, ngezomhlangano wamaDodakazi ase Afrika. Ngomhla ka July 19, 1946 sehla Eshowe sathatha iBus eliqonde Entumeni. Ngahamba neNkosazana yodumo uMiss Bertha Mkhize. Lentokazi ngiyifunde ngokunye nje Ngangihamba ngesaba, phela ngise Umuntu wase silangweni Kwa Zulu. Cabo bo idumbe lesiZulu lahlungile kuye, lapho kuhanjwa ibanga phansi kuye kulungile. Izikhalizakhe zisolimini, cha induku nemali. Ngisho njalo ngoba lezindawo esa sikuzo nganginvola lokuthi ngexe sa ukeleke kahle. Ngisho njalo ngoba lezindawo esa sikuzo nganginvola lokuthi ngexe sa ukeleke kahle.

  23. 23.

    Ibid.

  24. 24.

    Umbumbi wePimville.

  25. 25.

    Lavinia Scott, General Letter, Adams, June 7, 1933, written by Lavinia Scott, 1907–1959, in American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions Papers, Harvard University, Houghton Library, ABC 77.1, Box 47, individual biography (hereafter Lavinia Scott letter) and The Chapel Then and Now, https://inanda.org/events/inanda-stories/94-the-chapel-its-place-in-the-life-of-the-school.html#:~:text=American-born%20Dr%20Lavinia%20Scott%20set%20sail%20for%20South,thereafter%20becoming%20head%20of%20the%20school%20in%, date accessed 7 June 2021.

  26. 26.

    Ibid.

  27. 27.

    Sibusisiwe Makanya, Social Needs of Modern Native Life, South African Outlook (September 1, 1931): 167–168.

  28. 28.

    Mina Tembeka Soga, “The Need for the Missionary Today: His Place and Function,” IRM 28, (1939): 217–220.

  29. 29.

    Ruth Isabel Seabury, Daughter of Africa, 113.

  30. 30.

    “Ideas of a Zula Woman.”

  31. 31.

    Alondra Nelson—‘Afrofuturism: Past-Future Visions’ (22nd of Oct), https://blog.bham.ac.uk/englitpostgrad/2019/10/15/alondra-nelson-afrofuturism-past-future-visions-22nd-of-oct/ date accessed 15 April 2020.

  32. 32.

    “Miss C. L. Tshabalala’s Address: Other Women,” Bantu World (January 15, 1938), 11.

  33. 33.

    Meghan Healy-Clancy, “The Daughters of Africa and Transatlantic Racial Kinship,” 486.

  34. 34.

    Ruth Isabel Seabury, Daughter of Africa, 73.

  35. 35.

    See Janet Cherry, Spear of the Nation: Umkhonto WeSizwe, South Africa’s Liberation Army, 1960s–1990s (Athens: Ohio University, 2011).

  36. 36.

    See Alan Brooks, Whirlwind before the storm: The origins and development of the uprising in Soweto and the rest of South Africa from June to December 1976 (International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, 1980), Lynda Schuster, A Burning Hunger: One Family’s Struggle against Apartheid (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004), Pat Hopkins and Helen Grange, The Rocky Rioter Teargas Show: The Inside Story of the 1976 Soweto Uprising (Cape Town: Zebra, 2001), Noor Nieftagodien, The Soweto Uprising (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2014), Sifiso Ndlovu, The Soweto Uprisings: Counter Memories of June 1976 (New York: Pan Macmillan South Africa, 2017), and Julian Brown, The Road to Soweto: Resistance and the Uprising of 16 June 1976 (Suffolk: James Currey Publishers, 2016).

  37. 37.

    “Solomon Mahlangu,” https://somafcotrust.org.za/about-the-trust-2/solomon-mahlangu/ date accessed 26 May 2021.

  38. 38.

    Lauretta Ngcobo, Prodigal Daughters: Stories of South African Women in Exile (Scottsville: University of KwaZulu/Natal Press, 2012), 24, 25, 26, 83.

  39. 39.

    Ibid., 24–26.

  40. 40.

    Duma Nokwe, The Meaning of Bantu Education, https://sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/DC/Lin954.1729.455X.000.009.1954.7/Lin954.1729.455X.000.009.1954.7.pdf, date accessed 26 May 2021.

  41. 41.

    Lauretta Ngcobo, Prodigal Daughters, 24.

  42. 42.

    “Facing Facts.”

  43. 43.

    Ruth Isabel Seabury, Daughter of Africa, 139.

  44. 44.

    Glimpses of Native Life in South Africa, Radio Talk by Sibusisiwe Makanya, 2.

  45. 45.

    Sisonke Msimang, Always Another Country (New York: World Editions, 2017), 126–137.

  46. 46.

    See Kwame Nkrumah’s Vision of Africa, https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/000914_nkrumah.shtml#:~:text=Nkrumah%20was%20born%20Kwame%20Francis%20Nwia%20Kofie%20in,was%20demanding%20freedom%20and%20independence%20for%20the%20colonies, date accessed 4 March 2021, Lansine Kaba, Kwame Nkrumah and the Dream of African Unity| (New York: Diasporic Africa Press, 2017), MulukenTeshager Abegaz, OAU 1966: Organization of African Unity (South Carolina: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017), and Jeffrey S. Ahlman, Kwame Nkrumah: Voices of Liberation (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2021).

  47. 47.

    Lauretta Ngcobo, Prodigal Daughters, 73–92.

  48. 48.

    Ibid., 91.

  49. 49.

    Women’s World Congress for Peace and Liberty, Organisations, Cullen Library, Historical Papers, AD 843/RJ/Pw2.

  50. 50.

    David Killingray, Significant Black South Africans in Britain before 1912, 404.

  51. 51.

    Vijay Prashad, The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World (New York: The New Press, 2007), 54–55.

  52. 52.

    Ibid.

  53. 53.

    Keshia N. Blain, Madam C.J. Walker wasn’t just a positive force for African Americans. She also pioneered global black activism, https://timeline.com/madame-cj-walker-history-50d6d7090076, date accessed 16 September 2021.

  54. 54.

    Keshia N. Blain and Tiffany M. Gill, To Turn the World Over, 2.

  55. 55.

    Ula Yvette Taylor, The Veiled Garvey: The Life & Times of Amy Jacques Garvey (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 151.

  56. 56.

    Alfred B. Xuma, ‘The African Charter,’ Xuma Papers, ABX

  57. 57.

    Ula Yvette Taylor, The Veiled Garvey, 154.

  58. 58.

    Ibid.

  59. 59.

    Maria Martin, “More Power to Your Great Self”: Nigerian Women’s Activism and the Pan-African Transnationalist Construction of Black Feminism, Phylon, 53, 2 (Winter 2016): 54–78.

  60. 60.

    Robert R. Edgar, Josie Mpama/Palmer, 177.

  61. 61.

    C. L. Tshabalala, “What is the Club Woman?” Bantu World, April 4, 1936, 12.

  62. 62.

    Ruth Isabel Seabury, Daughter of Africa, 142.

  63. 63.

    Robert R. Edgar, Josie Mpama/Palmer, 177.

  64. 64.

    Ula Yvette Taylor, The Veiled Garvey, 154.

  65. 65.

    See Colin Grant, Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).

  66. 66.

    Brandy S. Thomas, ‘Give Them Their Due,’ 32.

  67. 67.

    Ibid.

  68. 68.

    Translation by Nomvula Sikakane, Reporter from the Eastern Cape Ngu “Qalazive” wese Bhai, Ulwamukelo luka Rilda Matta (sic) e Bhai (The welcoming of Rilda (Matta sic) in the Eastern Cape), Umteteli waBantu, November 17, 1934, 11.

  69. 69.

    Viyella, Miss L. C. (sic) Tshabalala’s Career, Bantu World, March 14, 1936, 10.

  70. 70.

    Ibid.

  71. 71.

    Ruth Isabel Seabury, Daughter of Africa, 1–4.

  72. 72.

    Ibid.

  73. 73.

    Ibid., 1, 2.

  74. 74.

    Ibid., 3, 4.

  75. 75.

    Ibid., 4.

  76. 76.

    Janet Hodgson, Black Womanism in South Africa: Princess Emma Sandile (Cape Town: Best Red, 2021), xviii.

  77. 77.

    Ruth Isabel Seabury, Daughter of Africa, 134.

  78. 78.

    “Pleasant Union Church to Make Aprons,” Indiana Gazette, May 26, 1959, 8.

  79. 79.

    Walter M. B. Nhlapo, Mrs. Charlotte M. Maxeke, B. Sc., Bantu World, December 2, 1939, 9.

  80. 80.

    Zubeida Jaffer, Beauty of the Heart, 13.

  81. 81.

    The Charlotte Mannya-Maxeke Institute, About CMMI, https://cmmi.org.za/, date accessed 30 May 2021 and Dr. Thozama April awarded The Charlotte Mannya-Maxeke Award, https://www.chrflagship.uwc.ac.za/dr-thozama-april-awarded-the-charlotte-mannya-maxeke-award/#:~:text=Dr%20Thozama%20April%20awarded%20The%20Charlotte%20Mannya%20Maxeke,in%20documenting%20the%20life%20history date accessed 30 May 2021.

  82. 82.

    Charlotte Maxeke: Tireless campaigner for women’s rights, http://www.auswhn.org.au/blog/charlotte-maxeke/, date accessed 28 November 2021.

  83. 83.

    The Star, November 19, 2012, opp. cited Robert R. Edgar, Josie Mpama/Palmer, 20.

  84. 84.

    Robert R. Edgar, Josie Mpama/Palmer, 11, 168.

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  1. Department of History, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

    Dawne Y. Curry

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Curry, D.Y. (2022). Conclusion: Blueprints for the Nation They Left Behind. In: Social Justice at Apartheid’s Dawn. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85404-1_9

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