Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to report and analyze the experience of the football supporter in different contexts: Valencia, Spain and Belo Horizonte, Brazil, more specifically in the Ciutat de Valencia and Mineirão stadiums, where Levante U.D and Cruzeiro E.C play, respectively. The survey showed how the relationship of the supporter with the stadium is fundamental for their bond with the club and with the supporter themselves. Levante, even inserted in global football, manages to find itself in what is local and unique. Cruzeiro, on the other hand, was associated with a new logic, coined in a political, economic, and social situation, bringing new implications in the relationship with its supporters. Furthermore, the reforms imposed on the Mineirão stadium contributed to achieving this status.
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Notes
- 1.
According to Barros (2001, p. 23), we understand modernity in terms of “‘modern consciousness’, resulting and structuring a new politics, a new aesthetics, a new ethics. more than transformations of the material bases of societies, it is a kind of utopian project in which work, order, time and space, transformed by new knowledge, new technologies and a new normative order, produce modern man.”
- 2.
The “general area” was a space, with no seats, no sectorization and no coverage, located around and at the same level of the field, in which supporters could follow the team's plays. It was usually the cheapest ticket in the stadium.
- 3.
Research accessed through the blog Teoria dos Jogos. Available at <http://globoesporte.globo.com/blogs/special-blog/teoria-dos-jogos/post/sympathy-for-exterior-clubs.html>. Accessed on 14/2/2019.
- 4.
They came with the emergence of the Football Association in 1863 and the passage from fields to stadiums, from where we see the definition of the boundaries between players and supporters. The architecture resembled that of factories and had wood as the main material. As examples: Newcastle United; Hillsborough, 1899, Sheffield Wednesday; Stamford Bridge, 1910, Chelsea F.C.; Old Trafford, 1910 (Bale, 1993; Paramio et al., 2008).
- 5.
Wars damaged the structure of many stadiums; for the reconstruction, the principle of stadium architecture was developed, with the separation of spectators by social class; there is coverage only in the place intended for the more well-to-do. As examples: Mestalla, 1923, Valencia F. C.; Sarrià, 1923, R.C.D. Espanyol; Barcelona, Les Corts stadium, 1922–1957 (Paramio et al., 2008).
- 6.
Their architecture is circular/oval, so that those present have a view of the whole; they have space for television broadcasting and reflectors; they enable diversity of use, even though games are their main livelihood. In Spain, this generation of stadiums also arrived through the reformulation of the old ones to host the 1982 World Cup. As examples: Camp Nou, 1957, Barcelona F. C.; Vicente Calderón, 1966, Atletico de Madrid; Ciudad de Valencia, 1969, Levante (Bale, 1993; Paramio et al., 2008).
- 7.
Some authors call it new stadiums, arenas, non-places (placeness), and stadia. This variation of naming sometimes occurs in the same text.
- 8.
We agree with Bale (1993) when he argues that there is a trend toward postmodernity in football. Although he acknowledges that the use of this word is emerging (current buzz word), he states that, the way football is develo**, it becomes difficult not to use it.
- 9.
Hospitality areas are exclusive spaces (lofts, cabins, restaurants, bar, among others) intended to entertain clients and build relationships in an informal setting.
- 10.
It should be noted that before the City of Valencia stadium, Levente U. D. played at the Cabañal field and then at the Vallejo stadium, where they played until the current stadium was inaugurated.
- 11.
Corresponds to a light rail vehicle.
- 12.
For more information, watch the institutional video La nueva cara del Ciutat de València tras la futura remodelación. Available at <www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0DpjznO5gg>. Accessed on 14/2/2019.
- 13.
At the time, the largest indoor football stadium in the world was Maracanã.
- 14.
- 15.
Until mid-2013, all people had access to the esplanade on match days, regardless of whether they had a ticket or not. Then, access became restricted to people who carried a ticket. However, at that moment, it is not validated, serving only as a visual control.
- 16.
The minimum wage in Spain in 2015 was €648.
- 17.
For more details on encouraging new generations to attend the City of Valencia stadium, we refer to the interview available at <https://blog.uchceu.es/marketing/levante-ud-que-grande-ser-pequeno/>.
- 18.
The minimum wage in Brazil in 2015 was R$788.
- 19.
Analogous to the scarf. On them were written the names of the teams that would face each other and the day of the match.
- 20.
However, throughout the field research, we noticed that, at some moments, this commerce was closer to the stadium and, at others, further away, varying with the determinations of the public authorities for each match. Thus, the location of food carts was not fixed, and their presence was not constant.
- 21.
Valencia vs Levante, on October 31, 2015. On that occasion, in order to purchase tickets as Levante supporters, we had to provide our name and our Foreigner Identity Number (NIE).
- 22.
Since the stadium is not covered and the seats are exposed to the weather.
- 23.
Sandwiches made of baguette with jamón (kind of ham), most of the time.
- 24.
Roasted and salted sunflower seeds.
- 25.
We believe that the meaning of “donkey” there is different from ours, since it loads a lot on the letter r, but we cannot figure out what the connotation is.
- 26.
Levante vs Real Sociedad, October 25, 2015.
- 27.
Waving the white handkerchiefs is a custom originating from bullfights and gives a farewell tone to football coaches who do not achieve good results with the team. To learn more about the symbolism of the white handkerchief, see Vila Maior (2005, October 18).
- 28.
Valencia vs Levante, October 31, 2015.
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da Silva, S.R., Campos, P.A.F. (2021). The Experience of Cheering in (So-Called) “Modern Football”. In: Giglio, S.S., Proni, M.W. (eds) Football and Social Sciences in Brazil. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84686-2_28
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