Abstract
New hardware and software concepts matured in the 1960s to open the way for a great variety of new, dynamic instructional forms. Serious and well-funded experimentation in intelligent tutoring systems marked the beginning of a new epoch of exploration. Change was rapid and constant. However, one element of instructional designs, the message construct, remained a stable factor and even moved to the foreground during this period of heated discovery. Because design was taking place at a much more detailed level during this period, there was much greater need for more granular constituents of designs, and messages (and their representations) filled the vacuum.
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Gibbons, A.S., Boling, E. (2021). Intelligent Tutoring Systems and the Inevitability of the Message Construct. In: Conversational Forms of Instruction and Message Layer Design. SpringerBriefs in Educational Communications and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84220-8_4
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