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Urinary Profiling with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Applications to Prediabetes in Animal Models

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Biomarkers in Diabetes

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Abstract

Prediabetes is a metabolic syndrome characterized by an elevated blood sugar. About 5–10% of prediabetes developed into diabetes. Prediabetes usually goes unnoticed as it is symptomless; however, it can be diagnosed by measuring the blood glucose levels, which is done invasively and therefore is not a favorable device by many. Noninvasive diagnosis tools by using urine specimens are desired. Urine contains useful biomarkers, namely, metabolites and proteins, that can be used to indicate the progression of prediabetes. Liquid chromatography separation coupled with mass spectrometry detector is useful in analyzing both small molecule metabolites and also macromolecule proteins. In addition, OPLS-DA patterns of the urinary profiles of metabolites may also be used as indicator for prediabetes. This approach can be used to evaluate the state of disease by using urine specimen; furthermore, the impact of diet on the state of prediabetes disease can also be evaluated.

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Abbreviations

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

FBG:

Fasting blood glucose

GLUT2:

Glucose transporter 2

GLUT4:

Glucose transporter 4

HFD:

High-fat diet

LC:

Liquid chromatography

LC-MS:

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

LC-MS/MS:

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

MUPs:

Major urinary proteins

NA:

Nicotinamide

ND:

Normal diet

OPLS-DA:

Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis

SDS-PAGE:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

STZ:

Streptozotocin

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia, Penang, 11800

    Lay-Harn Gam

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  1. Lay-Harn Gam
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Correspondence to Lay-Harn Gam .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Franklin-Wilkins Bldg, Rm 4.101, 4th Fl, Kings Coll London, Sch Biomed Health Sci, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

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Gam, LH. (2022). Urinary Profiling with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R. (eds) Biomarkers in Diabetes. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81303-1_42-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81303-1_42-1

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