Abstract
Pesticides are chemicals used extensively throughout the agricultural sector to control pests, such as insects, that commonly attack and destroy crops. In recent years, their use has increased considerably, in which humans are exposed to pesticides in their occupations or through dietary and environmental exposure. The WHO has suggested that more than three million pesticide-induced poisonings occur annually, resulting in deaths and diseases. Clinical studies with humans and experimental animal models have shown that exposure to pesticides interferes in several endocrine pathways related to the activation of survival, proliferation, and differentiation of stem cells and can be strictly related to several other diseases, such as cancer. Long-term exposure to pesticides can cause immune dysregulation, and their effects depend on the type of chemical substance, dosage, route, and duration of exposure. Immune cells are relatively sensitive to substances that affect the cell cycle or cause damage to the DNA structure. Pesticides can inhibit lymphocytes and monocyte proliferation, affect the production of cytokines and immunoglobulins, alter the cell’s phagocytic activity, and induce apoptosis. This chapter will address the impact of pesticides on endocrine and immunological axes and its relationship with cancer development.
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Abbreviations
- 2,4-D:
-
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- 5HT:
-
5-hydroxytryptamine
- 5-HT:
-
serotonin
- A:
-
adrenaline
- ACh:
-
acetylcholine
- AChE:
-
acetylcholinesterase
- ACTH:
-
adrenocorticotrophic hormone
- Akt:
-
protein kinase B
- AVP:
-
vasopressin
- BMI:
-
body mass index
- CAT:
-
catalase
- ChAT:
-
choline acetyltransferase activity
- CNS:
-
central nervous system
- CoQ10:
-
coenzyme Q10
- CPF:
-
chlorpyrifos
- CPu:
-
caudate putamen
- CRH:
-
corticotrophin-releasing hormone
- DA:
-
dopamine
- DAP:
-
dialkylphosphate
- DDE:
-
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
- DDT:
-
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- DLT:
-
deltamethrin
- DmCAT:
-
Drosophila melanogaster CAT gene
- DMT:
-
dimethoate
- DOPAC:
-
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
- DPN:
-
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile
- DREF:
-
DNA replication-related factor
- Drp1:
-
dynamin-related protein 1
- E1:
-
weakest estrone
- E2:
-
17β-estradiol
- E3:
-
estriol
- EDCs:
-
endocrine-disrupting chemicals
- EPA:
-
Environmental Protection Agency
- ER:
-
endoplasmic reticulum
- ER:
-
estrogen receptor
- ERK:
-
extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FSH:
-
follicle-stimulating hormone
- GABA:
-
gamma-aminobutyric acid
- GH:
-
growing hormone
- GSH:
-
glutathione
- GWI:
-
Gulf War illness
- HDL:
-
high-density lipoproteins
- HOMA-IR:
-
homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance
- HPG:
-
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal/testicular
- HSD17β:
-
17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- IGF-1:
-
insulin-like growth factor 1
- IGF-2:
-
insulin-like growth factor-2
- IL:
-
interleukin
- IMI:
-
neonicotinoid imidacloprid
- IP-10:
-
interferon-γ-inducible protein
- JNK:
-
JNN N-terminal kinase
- LAGDA:
-
Larval Amphibian Growth and Development Assay
- LDH:
-
lactate dehydrogenase
- LH:
-
luteinizing hormone
- LPO:
-
lipid peroxidation
- MC2R:
-
melanocortin 2 receptor
- MCF-7:
-
human breast cancer cells
- MCP:
-
monocrotophos
- MCZ:
-
dithiocarbamate mancozeb
- MDA:
-
malondialdehyde
- MEOGRT:
-
Medaka Extended One Generation Reproduction Test
- MLT:
-
melatonin
- MPO:
-
myeloperoxidase
- MS:
-
metabolic syndrome
- MXC:
-
methoxychlor
- NA:
-
noradrenaline
- nAChRs:
-
nicotinic agonists of ACh receptors
- NE:
-
norepinephrine
- NK:
-
natural killer
- NO3−:
-
nitrate ion
- non-DDT:
-
non-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane derivative
- OC:
-
organochlorine
- OP:
-
organophosphates
- OT:
-
oxytocin
- p,p′-DDD:
-
(a DDT metabolite)
- p,p′-DDE:
-
p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
- PC12:
-
rat adrenal gland tumor line
- PCP:
-
pentachlorophenol
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- PERM:
-
permethrin
- PH3:
-
phosphine
- POEA:
-
polyoxyethylene amine
- POMC:
-
pro-opiomelanocortin
- PON1:
-
paraoxonase 1
- PQ:
-
paraquat
- PRL:
-
prolactin
- REMSD:
-
rapid eye movement
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- SH-SY5Y:
-
human neuroblastoma cells
- SOD:
-
superoxide dismutase
- STAT5:
-
signal transducer and activator of transcription protein family
- T3:
-
triiodothyronine
- T4:
-
thyroxine
- TAP:
-
total antioxidant performance
- TCDD:
-
2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- TGF-β:
-
transforming growth factor beta
- TNF-α:
-
tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TR:
-
thyroid hormone receptor
- Trp:
-
tryptophan
- TSH:
-
thyroid hormones
- TTM:
-
total thiol molecules
- U373-MG:
-
human glioblastoma cells
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Fagundes, T.R. et al. (2023). Impact of Pesticides on Immune-Endocrine Disorders and Its Relationship to Cancer Development. In: Rezaei, N. (eds) Handbook of Cancer and Immunology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80962-1_122-1
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