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Trypanosomosis

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Infectious Diseases of Dromedary Camels

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Abstract

Trypanosomosis is a common disease in animals and humans in tropical and subtropical regions. It is caused by parasitic trypanosomes. Trypanosomosis in camels is the most prevalent camel disease primarily caused by Trypanosoma evansi; however, dromedaries may get infected by T. brucei, T. congolense, T.vivax, and T. simiae. Transmission of T. evansi is primarily mechanical by hematophagous insects; the most important are tabanids (horseflies) and Stomoxys spp. The clinical signs include fever, anemia, loss of appetite, weight loss, loss of condition and productivity, nervous signs, abortion, cachexia, and death. Edema and paralysis may soon follow. There are no true pathognomonic signs of trypanosomosis in camels, and the disease can be confused with any chronic wasting disease such as helminthiasis or malnutrition. Surra is often manifested as a chronic wasting disease of several years. For diagnosis, one must rely on laboratory analysis to confirm infection by direct microscopic demonstration of trypanosome species in blood samples. Other techniques include microhematocrit centrifugation (MHCT), darkfield/phase contrast buffy coat technique, mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique, serological tests, and PCR. Antiprotozoals are used to treat infections or prophylactically, but treatment may fail due to chemoresistance and underdosing. There are no vaccines developed.

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Bornstein, S. (2021). Trypanosomosis. In: Infectious Diseases of Dromedary Camels. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79389-0_46

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