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The Area of Freedom, Security and Justice

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Integration and Differentiation in the European Union

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Abstract

The chapter describes and explains vertical and horizontal integration and differentiation as related to the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ). After sketching out the historical development of this at first belated and later stunningly dynamic area of European integration, we test the explanatory power of the four integration theories covered in this book. A particular focus is on the establishment of and selection of countries into the Schengen zone. Moreover, we also cover the so-called refugee crisis. The chapter ends with an evaluation of the four theories, as applied to the AFSJ.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany

    Dirk Leuffen

  2. Department of Political Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

    Berthold Rittberger

  3. Center for Comparative and International Studies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Frank Schimmelfennig

Authors
  1. Dirk Leuffen
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  2. Berthold Rittberger
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  3. Frank Schimmelfennig
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dirk Leuffen .

Appendices

Self-Test and Discussion Questions

  1. 1.

    The AFSJ touches upon ‘core state powers’. Why would states be willing to transfer such policies to the EU level at all?

  2. 2.

    Who were the main drivers of integration in the AFSJ?

  3. 3.

    Why do we find internal differentiation in combination with external differentiation in the AFSJ?

  4. 4.

    Compare the integration dynamics after the eurozone and the refugee crisis. Why—from an integration theoretical perspective—has there been deeper integration in EMU, while we observe less integration in the wake of the refugee crisis?

  5. 5.

    In your view, is horizontal differentiation a workable solution concerning the relocation of refugees in the EU? Discuss!

  6. 6.

    In your view, should reluctant EU member states be forced to participate in a common relocation scheme?

Further Reading

Adler-Nissen, Rebecca. 2014. Opting Out of the European Union: Diplomacy, Sovereignty and European Integration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, is a theoretically and empirically rich, masterly crafted analysis of differentiated integration with a particular focus on the interactions between the in- and outsiders of differentiated integration in EMU and the AFSJ.

Tekin, Funda. 2012. Differentiated Integration at Work: The Institutionalisation and Implementation of Opt-Outs from European Integration in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. Baden-Baden: Nomos, offers a careful stocktaking of the DI and its workings the AFSJ.

EU Refugee Policies and Politics in Times of Crisis: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives (Journal of Common Market Studies 56: 1, 2018), ed. Arne Niemann and Natascha Zaun, is a fine collection of contributions on the integration consequences and politics of the refugee crisis.

Biermann, Felix, Nina Guérin, Stefan Jagdhuber, Berthold Rittberger, and Moritz Weiss. 2019. Political (non-)Reform in the Euro Crisis and the Refugee Crisis: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Explanation. Journal of European Public Policy 26 (2): 246–266, contrasts the different integration trajectories of the euro and refugee crises, backing a liberal intergovernmentalist reading thereof.

Schimmelfennig, Frank. 2018. European Integration (theory) in Times of Crisis. A Comparison of the Euro and Schengen Crises. Journal of European Public Policy 25 (7): 969–989, provides a supranationalist account of these two crises.

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Leuffen, D., Rittberger, B., Schimmelfennig, F. (2022). The Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. In: Integration and Differentiation in the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76677-1_10

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