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Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and Upgrading of Bio-Products to Produce Fuels and Chemicals

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Abstract

The considerable growth in energy demands and limited fossil fuel sources, together with environmental concerns, have forced the study of renewable, green and sustainable energy sources. Biomass and its residues can be transformed into valued chemicals and fuels with several thermal conversion processes, which are combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. Combustion is a chemical process that involves the rapid reaction of substances with oxygen, producing heat. Gasification produces synthesis gas at high temperatures (800–1200 °C) to generate heat and power. Pyrolysis has been applied for many years for charcoal formation, while intermediate and fast pyrolysis processes have become of significant interest in recent years. The reason for this interest is that these processes provide different bio-products (bio-oil, synthesis gas and biochar), which can be applied directly in various applications or as a sustainable energy carrier. The present chapter covers an overview of the fundamentals of slow, intermediate and fast pyrolysis, followed by the properties and applicability of the pyrolysis products. This study also identifies the features and advantages of the thermo-catalytic reforming (TCR) process in comparison with other technologies. This report presents a comprehensive literature review of bio-oil production and upgrading methods. In addition, the most common catalysts and supports for different upgrading methods are introduced. Finally, the current pathways for 2-methylfuran (2-MF) formation and the selection of xylose-rich biomass are discussed.

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Abbreviations

Al:

Aluminium

APR:

Aqueous phase reforming

BFB:

Bubbling fluidized bed

C:

Atomic carbon

C2H2:

Acetylene

C2H4:

Ethylene

C2H6:

Ethane

C3H6:

Propylene

C3H8:

Propane

CaO:

Calcium oxide

CeO2:

Cerium dioxide

CFB:

Circulating fluidized bed

CH3OH:

Methanol

CH4:

Methane

CHP:

Combined heat and power

CO:

Carbon monoxide

Co:

Cobalt

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

Cu:

Copper

Ga:

Gallium

H:

Atomic hydrogen

H2:

Hydrogen

H2O:

Water or water vapour

HC:

Hydrocarbon

HDO:

Hydrodeoxygenation

HHV:

Higher heating value

K2O:

Potassium oxide

KOH:

Potassium hydroxide

M:

Monomer

MCM:

Mobil Composition of Matter

MF:

Methylfuran

MgO:

Magnesium oxide

MnO:

Manganese(II) oxide

Mo:

Molybdenum

Mtoe:

Millions of tonnes of oil equivalent

MW:

Molecular weight

MWth:

Megawatts thermal

N2:

Nitrogen

N2O:

Nitrous oxide

Na2CO3:

Sodium carbonate

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

Ni:

Nickel

NO:

Nitric oxide

NO2:

Nitrogen dioxide

NOx:

Nitrogen oxides

O:

Atomic oxygen

O2:

Oxygen

O3:

Ozone

OECD:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OH:

Hydroxyl radicals

OHS:

Oat hulls

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PCB:

Polychlorinated biphenyls

Pd:

Palladium

PFD:

Process flow diagram

PPM:

Parts per million

Pt:

Platinum

S:

Seconds

SAPO:

Silicoaluminophosphate

SB:

Sugarcane bagasse

SBA:

Santa Barbara Amorphous

SG:

Second generation

SiO2:

Silica

SO2:

Sulphur dioxide

TCR:

Thermo-catalytic reforming

TiO2:

Titanium dioxide

UK:

United Kingdom

UO2:

Uranium dioxide

USA:

United States of America

Zn:

Zinc

ZrO2:

Zirconia

ZSM:

Zeolite Socony Mobil

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

    Hessam Jahangiri, João Santos, Andreas Hornung & Miloud Ouadi

  2. School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK

    Hessam Jahangiri

  3. Fraunhofer UMSICHT, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology, Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Germany

    Andreas Hornung

  4. Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Andreas Hornung

Authors
  1. Hessam Jahangiri
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  2. João Santos
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  3. Andreas Hornung
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  4. Miloud Ouadi
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Correspondence to Hessam Jahangiri .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    K. K. Pant

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Sanjay Kumar Gupta

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

    Ejaz Ahmad

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Jahangiri, H., Santos, J., Hornung, A., Ouadi, M. (2021). Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and Upgrading of Bio-Products to Produce Fuels and Chemicals. In: Pant, K.K., Gupta, S.K., Ahmad, E. (eds) Catalysis for Clean Energy and Environmental Sustainability. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65017-9_1

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