SpringerLink
Log in

Heat Pumps for Sustainable Heating and Cooling

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advances in Building Services Engineering

Abstract

This chapter presents the operation principle of a heat pump (HP) and the necessity for using HPs in the heating/cooling systems of buildings, discusses the vapour compression-based HP systems and describes the thermodynamic cycle and they calculation, as well as operation regimes of a vapour compression HP with electro-compressor. The calculation of greenhouse gas emissions of HPs and energy and economic performance criteria that allow for implementing an HP in a heating/cooling system is considered. A detailed theoretical study and experimental investigations on ground source HP technology concentrating on ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems are also included. Additionally, an analytical model for evaluation of the ground thermal conductivity and the borehole thermal resistance using a thermal response test is developed and the Earth Energy Designer (EED) simulation program is used to calculate the fluid temperature for a case study of the ground heat exchanger. An experimental study is performed to test the energy efficiency of the radiator or radiant floor heating system for an office room connected to a GCHP. Experimental measurements are also used to test the performance of a reversible vertical GCHP system at different operating modes. Fundamental efficiency parameters (coefficient of performance (COP) and CO2 emission) are obtained for one month of running using two control strategies of the GCHP: standard and optimised regulation of the water pump speed, and a benchmarking of these parameters is achieved. Exploratory research has indicated higher efficiency of the system for the flow regulation solution using a buffer tank and programmed control device for the circulation pump speed compared with the standard regulation solution (COPsys with 7–8% increase, and CO2 emissions with 7.5–8% decrease). Finally, two simulation models of thermal energy consumption in heating/cooling and domestic hot water operation were developed using TRNSYS software.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. European Parliament (2020) European Parliament Resolution of 15 January 2020 on the European Green Deal (2019/2956(RSP)), Strasbourg, France

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ullah KR, Saidur R, ** HW, Akikur RK, Shuvo NH (2013) A review of solar thermal refrigeration and cooling methods. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 24:490–513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Sarbu I, Sebarchievici C (2017) Solar heating and cooling systems: fundamentals, experiments and applications. Elsevier, Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  4. Sarbu I, Sebarchievici C (2016) Ground-source heat pumps: fundamentals, experiments and applications. Elsevier, Oxford, UK

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Seppänen O (2009) European parliament adopted the directive on the use of renewable energy sources. Rehva J 46(1):12–14

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. Lazzarin RM (2012) Dual source heat pump systems: operation and performance. Energy Build 52:77–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kaygusuz K (1995) Performance of solar-assisted heat pump systems. Appl Energy 51:93–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ball DA, Fischer RD, Hodgett DL (1983) Design methods for ground-source heat pumps. ASHRAE Trans 89(287):416–440

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bose JE, Smith MD, Spitler JD (2002) Advances in ground source heat pump systems: an international overview. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on energy agency heat pump, Bei**g, China, 19–22 May 2002, pp 313–324

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ellison RD (1978) The effects of reduced indoor temperature and night setback on energy consumption of residential heat pumps. ASHRAE Trans 84(2):352–363

    Google Scholar 

  11. Sarbu I, Kalmar F, Cinca M (2007) Thermal building equipments: energy optimisation and modernisation. Polytechnic Publishing House, Timisoara, Romania (in Romanian)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Sarbu I, Sebarchievici C (2010) Heat pumps―efficient heating and cooling solution for buildings. WSEAS Trans Heat Mass Transf 5(2):31–40

    Google Scholar 

  13. Garberi L, Mehes S (2007) System models of different types of heat pumps. In: Proceedings of the 2nd IASME/WSEAS international conference on energy and environment, Portoroz, Slovenia, 15–17 May 2007, pp 104–110

    Google Scholar 

  14. Lubliner M, Andrews J, Baylon D (2005) Heating with residential heat pumps. ASHRAE J 47(10):36–43

    Google Scholar 

  15. Verstaen L (2009) Variable refrigerant flow heat pump technology offers superior heating performance under cold ambient conditions. Rehva J 46(2):40–43

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sarbu I, Dan D, Sebarchievici C (2014) Performances of heat pump systems as users of renewable energy for building heating/cooling. WSEAS Trans Heat Mass Transf 9:51–62

    Google Scholar 

  17. Sarbu I, Sebarchievici C (2016) Using ground-source heat pump systems for heating/cooling of buildings. In: Ismail BI (ed) Advances in geothermal energy. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, pp 1–36

    Google Scholar 

  18. Sarbu I, Sebarchievici C (2014) General review of ground-source heat pump system for heating and cooling of building. Energy Build 70(2):441–454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Heinonen EW, Tapscott RE, Wildin MW, Beall AN (1996) Assessment of anti-freeze solutions for ground-source heat pump systems. New Mexico Eng Res Inst 15:art. 32580

    Google Scholar 

  20. Sarbu I, Sebarchievici C (2010) Heat pumps. Polytechnic Publishing House, Timisoara, Romania (in Romanian)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Radcenco V, Florescu Al, Duica T, Burchiu N, Dimitriu S et al (1985) Heat pumps systems. Technical Publishing House, Bucharest (in Romanian)

    Google Scholar 

  22. IEE, Intelligent Energy Europe (2013). http://ec.europa.eu/energy/environment. Accessed 15 Feb 2014

  23. ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, USA (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Erbs DG, Klein SA, Beckman WA (1983) Estimation of degree-days and ambient temperature bin data from monthly-average temperatures. ASHRAE J 25(6):60–65

    Google Scholar 

  25. Zirngib J (2009) Standardization activities for heat pumps. Rehva J 46(3):24–29

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ball DA, Fischer RD, Hodgett DL (1983) Design methods for ground-source heat pumps. ASHRAE Trans 89(28):416–440

    Google Scholar 

  27. Ingersoll LR, Plass HJ (1948) Theory of the ground pipe source for the heat pump. ASHVE Trans 54:339–348

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kavanaugh SP, Rafferty K (1997) Ground-source heat pumps, design of geothermal systems for commercial and institutional buildings. ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Google Scholar 

  29. Bose JE, Parker JD, McQuiston FC (1985) Design/data manual for closed-loop ground-coupled heat pump systems. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA

    Google Scholar 

  30. Eskilson P (1987) Thermal analysis of heat extraction boreholes, PhD thesis, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden

    Google Scholar 

  31. Aspeslagh B, Debaets S (2013) Hybrid heat pumps―saving energy and reduction carbon emissions. Rehva J 50(2):20–25

    Google Scholar 

  32. Pahud D, Mattthey B (2001) Comparison of the thermal performance of double U-pipe borehole heat exchanger measured in situ. Energy Build 33(5):503–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Luo J, Rohn J, Bayer M, Priess A (2013) Modeling and experiments on energy loss in horizontal connecting pipe of vertical ground source heat pump system. Appl Therm Eng 60:55–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. ASHRAE handbook: HVAC Applications. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air–Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, USA (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  35. ASHRAE, Commercial/institutional ground-source heat pump engineering manual. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, USA (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Rawlings RHD, Sykulski JR (1999) Ground source heat pumps: a technology review. Build Serv Eng Res Technol 20(3):119–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Floridesa G, Kalogirou S (2007) Ground heat exchanger―a review of systems, models and applications. Renew Energy 32(15):2461–2478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Philappacopoulus AJ, Berndt ML (2001) Influence of rebounding in ground heat exchangers used with geothermal heat pumps. Geothermic 30(5):527–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Viessmann (2002) Heat pump systems—design guide. Viessmann manual, Bucharest, Romania

    Google Scholar 

  40. Tinti F (2008) Geotermia per la climatizzazione. Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo, Italy

    Google Scholar 

  41. Sarbu I, Bura H (2011) Thermal tests on borehole heat exchangers for ground-coupled heat pump systems. Int J Energy Environ 5(3):385–393

    Google Scholar 

  42. Omer AM (2008) Ground-source heat pumps systems and applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 12(2):344–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Bernier M (2006) Closed-loop ground-coupled heat pump systems. ASHRAE J 48(9):13–24

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hellström G (1991) Ground heat storage: thermal analyses of duct storage systems. PhD thesis, Department of Mathematical Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden

    Google Scholar 

  45. Yang H, Cui P, Fang Z (2010) Vertical-borehole ground-couplet heat pumps: a review of models and systems. Appl Energy 87:16–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Ingersoll LR, Adler FT, Plass HJ, Ingersoll AC (1950) Theory of earth heat exchangers for the heat pump. ASHVE Trans 56:167–188

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ingersoll LR, Zobel OJ, Ingersoll AC (1954) Heat conduction with engineering geological, and other applications. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  48. Carslaw HS, Jaeger JC (1947) Conduction of heat in solids. Claremore Press, Oxford, UK

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  49. Deerman JD, Kavanaugh SP (1991) Simulation of vertical U-tube ground coupled heat pump systems using the cylindrical heat source solution. ASHRAE Trans 7(1):287–295

    Google Scholar 

  50. Bernier MA (2001) Ground-coupled heat pump system simulation. In: ASHRAE winter meeting CD, technical and symposium papers. ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, USA, pp 739–750

    Google Scholar 

  51. Zeng HY, Diao NR, Fang ZH (2002) A finite line-source model for boreholes in geothermal heat exchangers. Heat Transfer Asian Research 31(7):558–567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Thornton JW, McDowell TP, Shonder JA, Hughes PJ, Pahud D, Hellstrom G (1997) Residential vertical geothermal heat pump system models: calibration to data. ASHRAE Trans 103(2):660–674

    Google Scholar 

  53. Muraya NK, O’Neal DL (1996) Heffington WM. Thermal interference of adjacent legs in a vertical U-tube heat exchanger for a ground-coupled heat pump. ASHRAE Trans 102(2):12–21

    Google Scholar 

  54. Rottmayer SP, Beckman WA, Mitchell JW (1997) Simulation of a single vertical U-tube ground heat exchanger in an infinite medium. ASHRAE Trans 103(2):651–659

    Google Scholar 

  55. Gu Y, O’Neal DL (1998) Development of an equivalent diameter expression for vertical U-tubes used in ground-coupled heat pumps. ASHRAE Trans 104:347–355

    Google Scholar 

  56. Zeng HY, Diao NR, Fang ZH (2003) Efficiency of vertical geothermal heat exchangers in ground source heat pump systems. Int J Therm Sci 12(1):77–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Laue HJ, Jakobs RM, Thiemann A (2008) Energy efficiency and CO2 reduction in the building stock―the role of heat pumps. Rehva J 45(4):34–38

    Google Scholar 

  58. EPA (1997) A short primer and environmental guidance for geothermal heat pumps. US Environmental Protection Agency 430-K-97-007

    Google Scholar 

  59. Huchtemann K, Muller D (2012) Evaluation of a field test with retrofit heat pumps. Build Environ 53:100–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Kavanaugh SP (1998) A design method for hybrid ground-source heat pumps. ASHRAE Trans 104(2):691–698

    Google Scholar 

  61. Yavuzturk C, Spitler JD (2000) Comparative study of operating and control strategies for hybrid ground-source heat pump systems using a short time step simulation model. ASHRAE Trans 106(2):192–209

    Google Scholar 

  62. Man Yi, Yang H, Fang Z (2008) Study on hybrid ground-coupled heat pump systems. Energy Build 40(11):2028–2036

    Google Scholar 

  63. Chiasson AD, Yavuzturk C (2003) Assessment of the viability of hybrid geothermal heat pump systems with solar thermal collectors. ASHRAE Trans 109:487–500

    Google Scholar 

  64. Bi Y, Guo T, Zhang L, Chen L (2004) Solar and ground source heat pump system. Appl Energy 78:231–245

    Google Scholar 

  65. Ozgener O, Hepbasli A (2005) Performance analysis of a solar assisted ground-source heat pump system for greenhouse heating: an experimental study. Build Environ 40(8):1040–1050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Zongwei H, Maoyu Z, Fanhong K, Fang W, Zhongjian L, Tian B (2008) Numerical simulation of solar assisted ground-source heat pump heating system with latent heat energy storage in severely cold area. Appl Thermal Eng 28(11–12):1427–1436

    Google Scholar 

  67. Aittomäki A (2009) Better energy efficiency with combined heating and cooling by heat pumps. Rehva J 46(3):29–31

    Google Scholar 

  68. Bose JE, Smith MD, Spitler JD (2002) Advances in ground source heat pump systems―an international overview. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on energy agency heat pump, Bei**g, China, 19–22 May 2002, pp 313–324

    Google Scholar 

  69. Sarbu I, Bura H (2010) Vapourisation thermal power assurance for vertical closed-loop ground-coupled heat pump systems. In: Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS international conference on environment, ecosystems and development, advances in biology, bioengineering and environment, Vouliagmeni, Athens, Greece, 29–30 December 2010, pp 125–130

    Google Scholar 

  70. Sarbu I, Sebarchievici C, Dorca A (2017) Simulation of ground thermo-physical capacity for a vertical closed-loop ground-coupled heat pump system. In: Proceedings of the 17th international multidisciplinary scientific geoconference SGEM 2017, Albena, Bulgaria, 27 June–6 July 2017, pp 557–565

    Google Scholar 

  71. Eskilson P (1987) Thermal analysis of heat extraction boreholes, Doctoral thesis, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden

    Google Scholar 

  72. Austin WA, Yavuzturk C, Spitler JD (2000) Development of an in-situ system for measuring ground thermal properties. ASHRAE Trans 106(1):365–379

    Google Scholar 

  73. Gehlin S (1998) Thermal response test, in-situ measurements of thermal properties in hard rock, vol 39. Licentiate thesis, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden, pp 5–10

    Google Scholar 

  74. Anisimova N (2011) The capability to reduce primary energy demand in EU housing. Energy Build 43:2747–2751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Yang W, Zhou J, Xu W, Zhang G (2010) Current status of ground-source heat pumps in China. Energy Policy 38(1):323–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Bayer P, Saner D, Bolay S, Rybach I, Blum P (2012) Greenhouse gas emission savings of ground source heat pump systems in Europe: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16(2):1256–1267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Self SJ, Reddy BV, Rosen MA (2013) Geothermal heat pump systems: status review and comparison with other heating options. Appl Energy 101(1):341–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Inalli M, Esen H (2004) Experimental thermal performance evaluation of a horizontal ground-source heat pump system. Appl Therm Eng 24(14–15):2219–2232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Esen H, Inalli M, Esen M (2007) Numerical and experimental analysis of a horizontal ground-coupled heat pump system. Build Environ 42(3):1126–1134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Esen H, Inalli M, Sengur A, Esen M (2008) Modelling a ground-coupled heat pump system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems. Int J Refrig 31(1):65–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Congedo PM, Colangelo G, Starace G (2007) Computational modeling and sensitivity analysis of horizontal helical heat exchangers for GSHPs. In: Proceedings of the CLIMAMED 2007 congress, AICARR, Genoa, Italy, 5–7 September 2007

    Google Scholar 

  82. Congedo PM, Colangelo G, Starace G (2007) Computational modeling and sensitivity analysis of horizontal slinky heat exchangers for GSHPs. In: Proceedings of the 22nd IIR international congress of refrigeration, Bei**g, China, 21–26 August 2007

    Google Scholar 

  83. Yang H, Cui P, Fang Z (2010) Vertical-borehole ground coupled heat pumps: a review of models and systems. Appl Energy 87(1):16–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Congedo PM, Colangelo G, Starace G (2012) CFD simulations of horizontal ground heat exchangers: a comparison among different configurations. Appl Therm Eng 33–34(2):24–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Retkowski W, Thoming J (2014) Thermoeconomic optimization of vertical ground-source heat pump systems through nonlinear integer programming. Appl Energy 114:492–503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Michopoulos A, Bozis D, Kikidis P, Papakostas K, Kyriakis NA (2007) Three-year operation experience of a ground source heat pump system in Northern Greece. Energy Build 39(3):328–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Mostafa H, Sharqawy SA, Said EM (2009) First in situ determination of the ground thermal conductivity for borehole heat exchanger applications in Saudi Arabia. Renew Energy 34(10):2218–2223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Carli MD, Tonon M, Zarrella A, Zecchin R (2010) A computational capacity resistance model for vertical ground-coupled heat exchanger. Renew Energy 35(7):1537–1550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Pulat E, Coskun S, Unlu K (2009) Experimental study of horizontal ground source heat pump performance for mild climate in Turkey. Energy 34:1284–1295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Yang WB, Shi MH, Liu GY (2009) A two-region simulation model of vertical U-tube ground heat exchanger and its experimental verification. Appl Energy 86:2005–2012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Lee JU, Kim T, Leigh SB (2013) Thermal performance analysis of a ground-coupled heat pump integrated with building foundation in summer. Energy Build 59:37–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Man Y, Yang H, Wang J, Fang Z (2012) In situ operation performance test of ground couplet heat pump system for cooling and heating provision in temperate zone. Appl Energy 97:913–920

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Petit PJ, Meyer JP (1998) Economic potential of vertical ground-source heat pumps compared to air-source air conditioners in South Africa. Energy 23(2):137–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Esen H, Inalli M (2009) In-situ thermal response test for ground source heat pump system in Elazig, Turkey. Energy Build 41:395–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Sarbu I, Sebarchievici C (2016) Performance evaluation of radiator and radiant floor heating systems for an office room connected to a ground-coupled heat pump. Energies 9(4):art. 228, 1–19

    Google Scholar 

  96. Sebarchievici C (2013) Optimisation of thermal systems from buildings to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions using ground-coupled heat pump. PhD thesis, Polytechnic University Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania

    Google Scholar 

  97. Sebarchievici C, Sarbu I (2015) Performance of an experimental ground-coupled heat pump system for heating, cooling and domestic hot-water operation. Renew Energy 76:148–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. ISO/TS 13732-2 (2001) Ergonomics of the thermal environment. methods for the assessment of human responses to contact with surface, Part 2: Human contact with surfaces at moderate temperature. International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  99. ASHRAE Standard 55 (2010) Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, SUA

    Google Scholar 

  100. Holman JP (2001) Experimental method for engineers. McGraw Hill, Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  101. Sarbu I, Sebarchievici C (2013) Aspects of indoor environmental quality assessment in buildings. Energy Build 60(5):410–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Thermal Comfort tool, Version 2 (2011) ASHRAE, Centre for the Built Environment, Berkeley, California, USA

    Google Scholar 

  103. TRNSYS 17 (2012) A transient system simulation program user manual. Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

    Google Scholar 

  104. Bechthler H, Browne MW, Bansal PK, Kecman V (2001) New approach to dynamic modelling of vapour-compression liquid chillers: artificial neural networks. Appl Therm Eng 21(9):941–953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Meteonorm. Help, Version 7.0 (2012) Meteonorm Software, Bern, Switzerland. https://meteonorm.com/en/product/meteonorm-software. Accessed 15 Nov 2013

  106. Lund JW, Freeston DH, Tonya L. Boyd TL (2010) Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2010 worldwide review. In: Proceedings of the world geothermal congress, Bali, Indonesia, 25–29 April 2010, pp 1–23

    Google Scholar 

  107. Bayer P, Saner D, Bolay S, Rybach I, Blum P (2012) Greenhouse gas emission savings of ground source heat pump systems in Europe. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16:1256–1267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Yavuzturk C (1999) Modelling of vertical ground loop heat exchangers for ground source heat pump systems. PhD thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA

    Google Scholar 

  109. Sebarchievici C, Sarbu I (2015) Performance of an experimental ground-coupled heat pump system for heating, cooling and domestic hot-water operation. Renew Energy 76(4):148–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Sarbu I, Sebarchievici C (2015) Numerical and experimental analysis of the ground-coupled heat pump systems. In: Acosta MJ (ed) Advances in energy research, vol 22. New York. Nova Science Publishers, USA, pp 75–110

    Google Scholar 

  111. Sebarchievici C, Sarbu I, Iacob M (2016) Automatic control device for heating systems. Patent no. RO201300054, State Office for Inventions and Trademarks, Bucharest

    Google Scholar 

  112. Sarbu I (2010) Numerical modelling and optimisations in building services. Polytechnic Publishing House, Timisoara, Romania (in Romanian)

    Google Scholar 

  113. Esen H, Inalli M, Esen M (2006) Technoeconomic appraisal of a ground source heat pump system for a heating season in eastern Turkey. Energy Convers Manag 47(9–10):1281–1297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Hepbasli A, Akdemir O (2004) Energy and exergy analysis of a ground source (geothermal) heat pump system. Energy Convers Manag 45(5):737–753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Meteonorm. Help, Version 7.1 (2015) Meteonorm Software, Bern, Switzerland. https://meteonorm.com/en/product/meteonorm-software. Accessed 20 Jan 2015

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Building Services Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Timisoara, Romania

    Ioan Sarbu

Authors
  1. Ioan Sarbu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ioan Sarbu .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sarbu, I. (2021). Heat Pumps for Sustainable Heating and Cooling. In: Advances in Building Services Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64781-0_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64781-0_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-64780-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-64781-0

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation