Abstract
Pharmaceuticals play a pivotal role in restoring the organic functions through curing and preventing diseases (both infectious and life-threatening) in humans and animals. But the release of an increasing quantity of such pharmaceuticals through urine and faeces into the water and soil create a serious problem for the resident flora and fauna in these environments. Even though present in low concentrations, they can persist in the soil for longer durations. There they impair soil fertility, induce toxicity in soil organisms; provoke antibiotic resistance in the soil bacteria; stunt the plant growth, and reduce the survival and reproduction of soil invertebrates. The sorption of pharmaceuticals involves the interplay of numerous factors involving soil types, soil properties, and the nature of the pharmaceutical compound itself.
The author reviews the possible sources of pharmaceuticals, their transport into agricultural soils, factors responsible for their sorption into the soil, and impacts exerted by them on soil components. At last, I explore the innovative technologies employed to embark upon pharmaceuticals’ eco-toxicological impacts. The sorption of pharmaceuticals into the soil is likely to be observed at acidic pH as well as higher distribution coefficient and hydrophobicity of pharmaceuticals. At a higher dose, pharmaceuticals results in inhibition of soil microbial growth, reduced microbial activity, decreased substrate utilization potential in microbes, induction of antibiotic resistance in soil microbiota, retarded shoot, and root growth and impaired reproduction in soil invertebrates. The principal techniques adopted for their removal are bioremediation and phytoremediation which removes more than 95% of pharmaceuticals in the soil.
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Abbreviations
- BCFs:
-
Bio-concentration factors
- CFU:
-
Colony forming unit
- CIP:
-
Ciprofloxacin
- GDP:
-
Gross Domestic Product
- Kd:
-
Distribution coefficient
- MBR:
-
Membrane bioreactor
- NER:
-
Non-extractable residues
- SMM:
-
Sulfamonomethoxine
- TC:
-
Tetracycline
- UV:
-
Ultra-violet
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Author is highly obliged to Doaba College, Jalandhar, Punjab, for providing infrastructure for this work. Author also humbly acknowledges the series editors as well as reviewers for providing valuable comments and suggestions that helps a lot in improving the chapter.
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Kaur, J. (2021). Pharmaceuticals as Emerging Contaminant in Agriculture: Source, Transport, Ecological Risks and Removal Strategies. In: Kumar Singh, V., Singh, R., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 50. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 50. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63249-6_6
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