Abstract
The chapter focuses on the process of regional adaptation in the context of world order transformation. It discusses the ways regional security orders contribute to stabilization and balance. The chapter addresses the transatlantic region and its political and institutional adaptation to the ongoing systemic transformations. Theoretically, the chapter depicts transatlantic region as a regional security order, which is under the constant adaptation process, based on the interplay between regional institutions, collective identity and power dynamics within the region and affected by external systemic transformations. The chapter overviews the fundamental principles of NATO deterrence that existed during the Cold War and depicts the major changes that emerged right after the end of the bipolar rivalry. It observes the major changes in Alliance doctrine and challenges it faces in the post-2014 security environment. The chapter focuses on the perception of collective defence and deterrence, and how the principles of NATO nuclear and conventional deterrence are changing over the time. It traces the process of NATO adaptation to contemporary challenges and the ways to sustain Allied cohesion, and credibility of NATO’s defence and deterrence.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acharya, A. (2007). The emerging regional architecture of world politics. World Politics, 59(4), 629–652. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2008.0000.
Acharya, A. (2012). Ideas, norms and regional orders. In T. V. Paul (Ed.), International relations theory and regional transformation (pp. 183–209). Cambridge University Press.
Acharya, A. (2014). From the unipolar moment to a multiplex world. YaleGlobal Online. Retrieved from Yale.edu website: https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/unipolar-moment-multiplex-world.
Acharya, A. (2017). After liberal hegemony: The advent of a multiplex world order. Ethics & International Affairs, 31(3), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1017/s089267941700020x.
Acharya, A. (2018a). Constructing global order: Agency and change in world politics. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Acharya, A. (2018b). The end of American world order (2nd ed.). Polity Press.
Alagappa, M. (2003). The study of international order. In M. Alagappa (Ed.), Asian security order: Instrumental and normative features. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Alberque, W. (2016). “Substantial combat forces” in the context of NATO-Russia relations. Research Paper No. 131, NATO Defense College, Rome.
Brauss, H. (2018). Title: NATO beyond 70: Renewing a culture of readiness. Retrieved from https://icds.ee/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ICDS-Analysis_NATO-Beyond-70_Heinrich-Brauss_November-2018-1.pdf.
Bremmer, I. (2012). Decline of global institutions means we best embrace regionalism—Fundaction ICBC | Biblioteca virtual. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from Fundacionicbc.edu.ar website: https://www.biblioteca.fundacionicbc.edu.ar/index.php/Decline_of_global_institutions_means_we_best_embrace_regionalism.
Bull, H. (1995). Anarchical society: Study of order in world politics. Macmillan.
Burns, R. (2014). UK General: Ukraine crisis holds lessons for NATO. Associated Press. Retrieved from http://www.military.com/dailynews/2014/08/04/uk-general-ukraine-crisis-holds-lessons-for-nato.html?comp=700001075741&rank=5.
Buzan, B. (2002). The implications of September 11 for the study of international regions. Centre for Study of Democracy, University of Westminster and COPRI, for Conference on the Research Agenda in International Politics Aftermath of September 11, Stockholm.
Buzan, B. (2006). An English school perspective on ‘what kind of world order?’. Cooperation and Conflict, 41(4), 364–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836706069603.
Buzan, B. (2011). The inaugural Kenneth N. Waltz annual lecture a world order without superpowers. International Relations, 25(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117810396999.
Buzan, B., & Wæver, Ole. (2003). Regions and powers: the structure of international security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cimbala, S. J. (1991). Strategy after deterrence. New York: Praeger Publishers.
Cox, J. (2020). Introduction. In A. Gilli (Ed.), Recalibrating NATO nuclear policy (pp. 1–4). NATO Defense College Research Paper.
Defense Expenditure of NATO Countries. (2013–2019). Press Release. Retrieved from: https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2019_11/20191129_pr-2019-123-en.pdf. Accessed 15 June 2020.
Fryc, M. (2016). From Wales to Warsaw and beyond: NATO’s strategic adaptation to the Russian resurgence on Europe’s Eastern flank. Connections: The Quarterly Journal, 15(4), 45–65. https://doi.org/10.11610/connections.15.4.03.
Goddard, S. E. (2018). Embedded revisionism: Networks, institutions, and challenges to world order. International Organization, 72(4), 763–797. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818318000206.
Goh, E. (2005). Meeting the China challenge: The U.S. in Southeast Asian regional security strategies. Washington, DC: East-West Center.
Goh, E. (2008). Great powers and hierarchical order in Southeast Asia: Analyzing regional security strategies. International Security, 32(3), 113–157. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.2008.32.3.113.
Goh, E. (2013). The struggle for order hegemony, hierarchy, and transition in post-Cold War East Asia. Oxford: United Kingdom Oxford University Press.
Haas, R. (2008). The age of non-polarity: What will follow US dominance. Foreign Affairs, 87(3), 44–56.
Haas, R. (2017). A world in disarray: American foreign policy and the crisis of the old order. New York: Penguin.
Hemmer, C., & Katzenstein, P. J. (2002). Why is there no NATO in Asia? Collective identity, regionalism, and the origins of multilateralism. International Organization, 56(3), 575–607. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081802760199890.
Hettne B., & Söderbaum F. (2006). Regional cooperation: A tool for addressing regional and global challenges. In Achieving Global Public Goods (pp. 179–244, 205). International Task Force on Global Public Goods, Stockholm, Foreign Ministry. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4326/2ccedf90ab51b7cafaa4a8d6f72799c34034.pdf. Accessed 15 June 2020.
Hoffmann, S. (1998). World disorders: Troubled peace in the post-cold war era. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Hurrell, A. (2006). Hegemony, liberalism and global order: What space for would-be great powers? International Affairs, 82(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00512.x.
Hurrell, A. (2007). On global order : Power, values, and the constitution of international society. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Hurrell, A. (2018). Beyond the BRICS: Power, pluralism, and the future of global order. Ethics & International Affairs, 32(1), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0892679418000126.
Ikenberry, G. J. (2011). Liberal Leviathan : The origins, crisis, and transformation of the American world order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ikenberry, G. J. (2015). The future of liberal world order. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 16(3), 450–455.
Ikenberry, G. J., Mastanduno, M., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2011). International relations Theory and the consequences of unipolarity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Ikenberry, G. J. (2018). Why the liberal world order will survive. Ethics & International Affairs, 32(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0892679418000072.
Jackson, R. H. (2005). Classical and modern thought on international relations: From Anarchy to cosmopolis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Karpavičiūtė, I. (2017). Securitization and Lithuania’s national security change. Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review, 36(1), 9–33. https://doi.org/10.1515/lfpr-2017-0005.
Kissinger, H. (2014). World order. Reflections on the character of nations and the course of history. Allen Lane an imprint of Penguin Books.
Lake, D. A., & Morgan, P. M. (1997). Regional orders: Building security in a new world. University Park: Pennsylvania State University.
Larsen, J. A. (2019). NATO nuclear adaptation since 2014: The return of deterrence and renewed alliance discomfort. Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 17(2), 174–193. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42738-019-00016-y.
Mälksoo, M. (2018). Countering hybrid warfare as ontological security management: The emerging practices of the EU and NATO. European Security, 27(3), 374–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2018.1497984.
Mercier, D. (2018). NATO’s adaptation in an age of complexity. Prism, 7(4), 2–11.
Morgan, P. M. (2003). Deterrence now. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press.
NATO. (1991). The alliance’s new strategic concept (1991). Retrieved June 29, 2020, from NATO website: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_23847.htm.
NATO. (1999). The alliance’s strategic concept approved by the heads of state and government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Washington DC. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from NATO website: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_27433.htm.
NATO. (2010). Strategic concept for the defense and security of the members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved from http://www.nato.int/strategic-concept/pdf/Strat_Concept_web_en.pdf.
NATO. (2014). Wales summit declaration issued by the heads of state and government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Wales. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from NATO website: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_112964.htm.
NATO. (2016). Warsaw summit Communiqué—Issued by the heads of state and government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Warsaw, 8–9 July 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from NATO website: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133169.htm.
NATO. (2018a). Brussels summit declaration issued by the heads of state and government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels, 11–12 July 2018. Retrieved from NATO website: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_156624.htm.
NATO. (2018b). NATO: Ready for the future adapting the alliance. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2019_11/20191129_191129-adaptation_2018_2019_en.pdf.
NATO. (2019a). NATO chiefs of defense discuss future alliance adaptation. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from NATO website: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_166244.htm.
NATO. (2019b). The North Atlantic Treaty. Retrieved from NATO website: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm.
NATO. (2019c). London declaration. NATO. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_171584.htm.
Osborn, A., & William, J. (2014, August 1). NATO must change to better repel Russian threat—Cameron. Reuters. Retrieved from http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/08/01/uk-ukraine-crisis-nato-cameron-idUKKBN0G156420140801.
Osgood, R., Wegener, H. (1986). Deterrence: The western approach. NATO Information Service.
Palmer, D. (2019a). A strategic Odyssey: Constancy of purpose and strategy-making in NATO, 1949–2019. NATO as a strategy making alliance. NATO Defense College.
Palmer, D. (2019b). Trying to break NATO apart: The Baltic Sea Region in Soviet and Russian military strategy. In M. Voyger (Ed.), NATO at 70 and the Baltic states: Strengthening the Euro-Atlantic alliance in an age of non-linear threats (pp. 155–170). Tartu: Valipress OU.
Paul, T. V. (2012). International relations theory and regional transformation. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Paulauskas, K. (2016). On deterrence. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from Nato.int website: https://www.nato.int/docu/review/2016/Also-in-2016/nato-deterrence-defence-alliance/EN/index.htm.
Rose, F. A. (2020, April 22). NATO and outer space: Now what? Retrieved June 29, 2020, from Brookings website: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/04/22/nato-and-outer-space-now-what.
Ruggie, J. G. (1992). Multilateralism: The anatomy of an institution. International Organization, 46(3), 561–598. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027831.
Schmidt, D. R. (2016). Peremptory law, global order, and the normative boundaries of a pluralistic world. International Theory, 8(2), 262–296. https://doi.org/10.1017/s175297191600004x.
SHAPE | Enhanced Forward Presence. (2020). Retrieved from shape.nato.int website: https://shape.nato.int/efp.
Shea, J. (2013). How is NATO dealing with emerging security challenges? Retrieved from https://www.ies.be/files/private/14)%20Shea%20-%20NATO%20Emerging%20Challenges.pdf.
Smith, G. (2019). NATO adapting: A return to peer competition. In M Ozawa (Ed.), The alliance five years after Crimea (pp. 41–46). NDC Research paper No. 7, NATO Defense College.
Smith, M. A. (2000). NATO in the first decade after the cold war. Dordrecht and Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Stoltenberg, J. (2014). The Secretary General’s. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2015_01/20150130_SG_AnnualReport_2014_en.pdf.
Tardy T, (2019). Calibrating the scope of NATO’s mandate. NATO Defence College Policy Brief No. 24.
Ulfstein, G. (2018). The role of outcasting in the world order. Global Constitutionalism, 7(3), 368–373. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2045381718000199.
Vanaga, N., & Rostoks, T. (2019). Deterring Russia in Europe: defense strategies for neighbouring states. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Voyger, M. (2019). NATO at 70 and the Baltic states: Strengthening the Euro-Atlantic alliance in an age of non-linear threats. Tartu: Baltic Defense College.
Wæver, O. (2018). A Post-Western Europe: Strange identities in a less liberal world order. Ethics & International Affairs, 32(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0892679418000114.
Wagnsson, C. (2011). NATO’s role in the strategic concept debate: Watchdog, fire-fighter, neighbour or seminar leader? Cooperation and Conflict, 46(4), 482–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836711422470.
Wallander, C. A. (2000). Institutional assets and adaptability: NATO after the cold war. International Organization, 54(4), 705–735. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081800551343.
Weber, S. (1992). Sha** the postwar balance of power: Multilateralism in NATO. International Organization, 46(3), 633–680. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027855.
Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory of international politics. Cambridge: University Press.
Yost, D. S. (2014). NATO’s balancing Act. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Zapfe, M., & Vanaga, N. (2019). NATO’s conventional deterrence posture. In N. Vanaga & T. Rostoks (Eds.) Deterring Russia in Europe: Deterrence strategies for neighbouring states (pp. 36–52). Routledge.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Karpavičiūtė, I. (2021). Regional Security Orders and International Transformations: The Transatlantic Adaptation and Change. In: Attinà, F. (eds) World Order Transition and the Atlantic Area. Global Power Shift. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63038-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63038-6_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-63037-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-63038-6
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)