Abstract
This Introduction chronicles the development of the author’s research examining intersections between literacy and race in U.S.-Dakota War commemorative events that unfolded in southern Minnesota around the war’s 2012 sesquicentennial. Discussion includes the author’s involvement as participant-observer in a local college course that designed a traveling museum exhibit on the 1862 war. Based on his applied work, the author identifies competing senses of justice driving regional commemoration: (a) critical social justice which seeks educative redress and material reparations for ongoing injustices shaped by regional settler colonialism and (b) white justice as fairness which compels citizen-scholars to suspend moral judgment when making collective sense of the racially violent past. Theorizing the two senses of justice helps contextualize teaching-and-learning moments analyzed in the book’s chapters where instructors and students negotiated choices between critical social justice and white justice as fairness, invoking racialized dilemmas rooted in regional and personal white identity.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Afghan Leader Karzai Condemns ‘US Marines Body Desecration’ Video. (2012, January 12). BBC News Asia. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16524419.
Andrews, M. (2010). The U.S.-Dakota War in public memory and public space. In A. Atkins & D. L. Miller (Eds.), The state we’re in: Reflections on Minnesota history (pp. 50–60). St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society.
Atkinson, J. M., & Heritage, J. (1984). Structures of social action: Studies in conversation analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bessler, J. (2003). Legacy of violence: Lynch mobs and executions in Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Bryant, C. S., & Murch, A. B. (1864). A history of the great massacre by the Sioux Indians, in Minnesota, including the personal narrative of many who escaped. Cincinnati, OH: Rickey and Carroll.
Carlson, K., & John, G. E. (2015). Landscapes of triumphalism, reconciliation, and reclamation: Memorializing the aftermath of the Dakota-US War of 1862. Journal of Cultural Geography, 32(3), 270–303.
Chomsky, C. (1990). The United States-Dakota War trials: A study in military injustice. Stanford Law Review, 43(13), 13–98.
Clodfelter, M. (1998). The Dakota War: The United States Army versus the Sioux, 1862–1865. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
Dahlin, C. (2013). Why the hatred? The call for extermination or exile of the Dakota people. Roseville, MN: Curtis Dahlin.
Dakota Translations Welcome. (2011, January 22). Mankato Free Press, p. A6.
Dean, J. (2005). Nameless outrages: Narrative authority, rape rhetoric, and the Dakota Conflict of 1862. American Literature, 77(1), 93–122.
Dwyer, S. (1999). Reconciliation for realists. Ethics and International Affairs, 13(1), 81–98.
Dyslin, A. (2013, August 18). Film aims to inspire discussion of the U.S.-Dakota War. Mankato Free Press, p. B1.
Fields, K. E., & Fields, B. J. (2012). Racecraft: The soul of inequality in American life. New York: Verso.
Fischenich, M. (1991, December 27). Run continues Owen’s memorial to 38 hanged. Mankato Free Press, p. 11.
Fischenich, M. (2012, January 28). Local history society gets a boost from legacy funds. Mankato Free Press, p. A1.
Folwell, W. W. (1924). A history of Minnesota (Vol. 2). St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society.
Fox, R. (1993). Archaeology, history, and Custer’s last battle: The Little Big Horn reexamined. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Freire, P. (2010). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum.
Gee, J. P. (2011). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Giroux, H. (2006). The Giroux reader. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
Gove, P. B. (1993). Webster’s third new international dictionary of the English language unabridged (Rev ed., p. 1223). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
Grande, S. (2004). Red pedagogy: Native American social and political thought. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Gray, D. J. (2012, March 12). 38 murderers don’t deserve memorial. Mankato Free Press, p. A4.
Gunderson, D. (2011, January 19). 150-year-old letters give voice to Dakota prisoners. Minnesota Public Radio News. Retrieved from http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/01/19/dakota-tribe-letters/.
Hagerty, S. (Director). (2012). Dakota 38 [Motion picture]. United States of America: Smooth Feather Productions.
Heard, I. (1863). History of the Sioux War and massacres of 1862 and 1863. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Heinzman, D. (1959, July 18). Indians still trying to get ’Kato back. Mankato Free Press, p. 25.
Indians Rap Hanging Marker. (1971, October 23). Mankato Free Press, p. 1.
Keneally, M. (2017, August 15). Trump lashes out at the “alt-left” in Charlottesville, says “fine people on both sides.” ABC News. Retrieved from https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-lashes-alt-left-charlottesville-fine-people-sides/story?id=49235032.
Kent, T. (2012, May 17). Passion play. Mankato Free Press, p. C1.
Kiernan, B. (2007). Blood and soil: A world history of genocide and extermination from Sparta to Darfur. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Krohn, T. (2012, August 12). Good guys, bad guys? History isn’t always so simple. Mankato Free Press, p. A1.
Krohn, T. (2012, December 27). Forgive everyone everything — Reconciliation the theme at commemoration of mass hangings 150 years ago. Mankato Free Press, p. A1.
Krohn, T. (2013, January 21). Somber Dakota roundtable talk — ‘There’s more to do.’ Mankato Free Press, p. A1.
Kumashiro, K. (2015). Against common sense: Teaching and learning toward social justice (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
LaBatte, J. (2012, March 23). Dakota got trials; what did their victims get? Mankato Free Press, p. A6.
Ladson-Billings, G. (2006). From the achievement gap to the education debt: Understanding achievement in U.S. schools. Educational Researcher, 35(7), 3–12.
Linehan, D. (2012, March 4). Remembering the 38 – Mankato memorial planned for those hanged in 1862 after Dakota war. Mankato Free Press, pp. A1, A6.
Linehan, D. (2012, March 8). New poem written for Dakota monument. Mankato Free Press, p. A1.
Luhmann, S. (2012, January 24). Martin and Linda Bernard: Winona artists create monument to commemorate 150th anniversary of the 38 Dakota executed in Mankato. Winona Daily News website. Retrieved from http://www.winonadailynews.com/news/local/monday-profile-martin-and-linda-bernard—winona/article_4874d11e-4d86-11e2-88a3-001a4bcf887a.html.
Lybeck, R. (2015). The rise and fall of the U.S.-Dakota War hanging monument: Mediating old-settler identity through two expansive cycles of social change. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 22(1), 37–57.
Lybeck, R. (2018). A public pedagogy of white victimhood: (Im)moral facts, settler identity, and genocide denial in Dakota homeland. Qualitative Inquiry, 24(8), 519–531.
Mann, C. (2005). The dark side of democracy: Explaining ethnic cleansing. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Marker at Hanging Site Draws Varied Comment. (1937, December 27). Mankato Free Press, p. 7.
McConkey, H. B. (1864). Dakota war whoop: Or, Indian massacres and war in Minnesota of 186-‘3 (1970 reprint). Minneapolis, MN: Ross and Haines, Inc.
McLaren, P. (2018). Pedagogy of insurrection: From resurrection to revolution. New York: Peter Lang.
Meyer, R. (1962, August 4). The reader writes. Mankato Free Press, p. 10.
Meyer, R. (1967). History of the Santee Sioux. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Mignolo, W. D. (2009). Epistemic disobedience, independent thought and decolonial freedom. Theory, Culture & Society, 26(7–8), 159–181.
Mills, C. W. (1997). The racial contract. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Mills, C. W. (2009). Rawls on race/race in Rawls. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 47(Supplement), 161–184.
Minnesota Board of Commissioners. (1890). Minnesota in the civil and Indian wars, 1861–1865 (Vols. 1 and 2). St. Paul, MN: Pioneer Press Co.
Mueller, P. A. (2012, March 19). A blond scalp is worth remembering also. Mankato Free Press, p. A4.
Picardi, J. (2012, July 10). Finding balanced view of the U.S-Dakota War of 1862. Minnesota Public Radio News website. Retrieved from http://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/07/10/dakota_war.
Rawls, J. (1993). Political liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rothberg, M. (2009). Multidirectional memory: Remembering the Holocaust in the age of decolonization. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Sandlin, J. A., Malley, M. P., & Burdick, J. (2011). Map** the complexity of public pedagogy scholarship: 1894–2010. Review of Educational Research, 81(3), 338–375.
Schultz, D. (1992). Over the Earth I come: The great Sioux uprising of 1862. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin’s Griffin.
Seth, V. (2010). Europe’s Indians: Producing racial difference, 1500–1900. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Silver, P. (2008). Our savage neighbors: How Indian war transformed early America. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
Spear, J. (2012). Letter writers debate Dakota war history: Free Press readers John LaBatte and Rick Lybeck go back and forth on controversial Dakota War memorials. Storify website. Retrieved from https://storify.com/jfspear/letter-writers-debate-dakota-war-history.
Spivak, G. C. (1993). Outside the teaching machine. New York: Routledge.
Steele, M. (2005). Hiding from history: Politics and public imagination. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Steinmann, L. (2012, November 12). Dakota Commemorative March: Retracing 150 miles of forced march at end of Dakota-US War. Twin Cities Daily Planet. Retrieved from https://www.tcdailyplanet.net/dakota-commemorative-march-retracing-150-miles-forced-march-end-dakota-us-war/.
Street, B. (1984). Literacy in theory and in practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Swart, R. (2012, February 15). Reconciliation, repatriation needed to right wrongs. Mankato Free Press, p. A6.
The Goal Is to Reconcile. (2012, March 11). Mankato Free Press, p. A4.
The Past Is Alive Within Us: The U.S.-Dakota Conflict. (2013, December 26). Twin Cities Public Television (TPT) website. Retrieved from http://video.tpt.org/video/2365142131/.
Tlostanova, M. V., & Mignolo, W. D. (2012). Learning to unlearn: Decolonial reflections from Eurasia and the Americas. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2015). State and County QuickFacts. Retrieved from: http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/27/27015.html.
Waziyatawin. (2008). What does justice look like? The struggle for liberation in Dakota homeland. St. Paul, MN: Living Justice Press.
White, L. N., & White, E. B. (2004). Images of Marietta. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing.
Wilson, W. A. (2006). In the footsteps of our ancestors: The Dakota commemorative marches of the 21st century. St. Paul, MN: Living Justice Press.
Wingerd, M. (2010). North country: The making of Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Woutat, D. (1971, February 8). Indian factions hit white politics. Mankato Free Press, p. 13.
Young, R. J. C. (2003). Postcolonialism: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zwiers, J. (2014). Building academic language: Meeting the common core standards across disciplines (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lybeck, R. (2020). Introduction: “Official Perspective” and the Two Senses of Justice. In: Critical Social Justice Education and the Assault on Truth in White Public Pedagogy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62486-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62486-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-62485-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-62486-6
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)