SpringerLink
Log in

Imaging Aspects of Pathologies of the Sella, the Pituitary Gland, and the Hypothalamus

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Human Hypothalamus

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE))

  • 855 Accesses

Abstract

The (para-)sellar region is anatomically complex with a number of neoplastic, infectious, inflammatory, developmental, and vascular pathologies challenging image-based diagnosis. Differentiation among various etiologies may not always be easy, since many of these lesions may mimic the clinical, endocrinological, and radiological presentations of pituitary adenomas. The diagnosis of sellar lesions involves a multidisciplinary effort, and detailed endocrinological, ophthalmological, and neurological testing is essential. MRI is the key imaging modality characterizing normal anatomy and the majority of pathologic processes in this region.

Here, we provide an overview of the most relevant imaging characteristics of pituitary tumors, vascular, inflammatory, and infectious lesions of the (para-)sellar region in order to propose an appropriate differential diagnosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cox TD, Elster AD. Normal pituitary gland: changes in shape, size, and signal intensity during the 1st year of life at MR imaging. Radiology. 1991;179(3):721–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Dietrich RB, Lis LE, Greensite FS, Pitt D. Normal MR appearance of the pituitary gland in the first 2 years of life. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16(7):1413–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Elster AD. Modern imaging of the pituitary. Radiology. 1993;187(1):1–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Fujisawa I, Nishimura K, Asato R, Togashi K, Itoh K, Noma S, et al. Posterior lobe of the pituitary in diabetes insipidus: MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1987;11(2):221–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Naylor MF, Scheithauer BW, Forbes GS, Tomlinson FH, Young WF. Rathke cleft cyst: CT, MR, and pathology of 23 cases. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1995;19(6):853–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Brassier G, Morandi X, Tayiar E, Riffaud L, Chabert E, Heresbach N, et al. Rathke’s cleft cysts: surgical-MRI correlation in 16 symptomatic cases. J Neuroradiol. 1999;26(3):162–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Harter LP, Silverberg GD, Brant-Zawadzki M. Intrasellar arachnoid cyst: case report. Neurosurgery. 1980;7(4):387–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Nomura M, Tachibana O, Hasegawa M, Kohda Y, Nakada M, Yamashima T, et al. Contrast-enhanced MRI of intrasellar arachnoid cysts: relationship between the pituitary gland and cyst. Neuroradiology. 1996;38(6):566–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Starzyk J, Kwiatkowski S, Urbanowicz W, Starzyk B, Harasiewicz M, Kalicka-Kasperczyk A, et al. Suprasellar arachnoidal cyst as a cause of precocious puberty--report of three patients and literature overview. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003;16(3):447–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Abrahams JJ, Trefelner E, Boulware SD. Idiopathic growth hormone deficiency: MR findings in 35 patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1991;12(1):155–60.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Argyropoulou M, Perignon F, Brauner R, Brunelle F. Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency. J Pediatr. 1992;120(6):886–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hamilton J, Blaser S, Daneman D. MR imaging in idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19(9):1609–15.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Kornreich L, Horev G, Lazar L, Schwarz M, Sulkes J, Pertzelan A. MR findings in growth hormone deficiency: correlation with severity of hypopituitarism. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19(8):1495–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Fujisawa I, Kikuchi K, Nishimura K, Togashi K, Itoh K, Noma S, et al. Transection of the pituitary stalk: development of an ectopic posterior lobe assessed with MR imaging. Radiology. 1987;165(2):487–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kelly WM, Kucharczyk W, Kucharczyk J, Kjos B, Peck WW, Norman D, et al. Posterior pituitary ectopia: an MR feature of pituitary dwarfism. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1988;9(3):453–60.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Saeki N, Tokunaga H, Wagai N, Sunami K, Murai H, Kubota M, et al. MRI of ectopic posterior pituitary bright spot with large adenomas: appearances and relationship to transient postoperative diabetes insipidus. Neuroradiology. 2003;45(10):713–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Civit T, Marchal JC, Pinelli C, Auque J, Hepner H. Intrasellar epidermoid cysts. Neurochirurgie. 1999;45(2):150–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Yasargil MG, Abernathey CD, Sarioglu AC. Microneurosurgical treatment of intracranial dermoid and epidermoid tumors. Neurosurgery. 1989;24(4):561–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Judge DM, Kulin HE, Page R, Santen R, Trapukdi S. Hypothalamic hamartoma: a source of luteinizing-hormone-releasing factor in precocious puberty. N Engl J Med. 1977;296(1):7–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Amstutz DR, Coons SW, Kerrigan JF, Rekate HL, Heiserman JE. Hypothalamic hamartomas: correlation of MR imaging and spectroscopic findings with tumor glial content. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(4):794–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Freeman JL, Coleman LT, Wellard RM, Kean MJ, Rosenfeld JV, Jackson GD, et al. MR imaging and spectroscopic study of epileptogenic hypothalamic hamartomas: analysis of 72 cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(3):450–62.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Colao A, Lombardi G. Growth-hormone and prolactin excess. Lancet. 1998;352(9138):1455–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Calle-Rodrigue RD, Giannini C, Scheithauer BW, Lloyd RV, Wollan PC, Kovacs KT, et al. Prolactinomas in male and female patients: a comparative clinicopathologic study. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998;73(11):1046–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Carter JN, Tyson JE, Tolis G, Van Vliet S, Faiman C, Friesen HG. Prolactin-screening tumors and hypogonadism in 22 men. N Engl J Med. 1978;299(16):847–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Melmed S. Acromegaly. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(14):966–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Holdaway IM, Rajasoorya CR, Gamble GD, Stewart AW. Long-term treatment outcome in acromegaly. Growth Hormon IGF Res. 2003;13(4):185–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Orme SM, McNally RJ, Cartwright RA, Belchetz PE. Mortality and cancer incidence in acromegaly: a retrospective cohort study. United Kingdom Acromegaly Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(8):2730–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Oldfield EH, Gomez MT, Doppman JL, Cutler GB Jr, et al. Cushing’s syndrome in children and adolescents. Presentation, diagnosis, and therapy. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(10):629–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sonino N, Boscaro M. Medical therapy for Cushing’s disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 1999;28(1):211–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Nelson DH. Cushing’s syndrome--pituitary or adrenal origin? J Chronic Dis. 1960;12:499–503.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Nelson DH, Meakin JW, Thorn GW. ACTH-producing pituitary tumors following adrenalectomy for Cushing’s syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1960;52:560–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Beck-Peccoz P, Brucker-Davis F, Persani L, Smallridge RC, Weintraub BD. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors. Endocr Rev. 1996;17(6):610–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ebersold MJ, Quast LM, Laws ER Jr, Scheithauer B, Randall RV. Long-term results in transsphenoidal removal of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg. 1986;64(5):713–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Snyder PJ. Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 1993;22(1):163–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Aaberg TM Jr, Kay M, Sternau L. Metastatic tumors to the pituitary. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119(6):779–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Mayr NA, Yuh WT, Muhonen MG, Koci TM, Tali ET, Nguyen HD, et al. Pituitary metastases: MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1993;17(3):432–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kulkarni MV, Lee KF, McArdle CB, Yeakley JW, Haar FL. 1.5-T MR imaging of pituitary microadenomas: technical considerations and CT correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1988;9(1):5–11.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Bartynski WS, Lin L. Dynamic and conventional spin-echo MR of pituitary microlesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18(5):965–72.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Rand T, Lippitz P, Kink E, Huber H, Schneider B, Imhof H, et al. Evaluation of pituitary microadenomas with dynamic MR imaging. Eur J Radiol. 2002;41(2):131–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Stadnik T, Spruyt D, van Binst A, Luypaert R, d’Haens J, Osteaux M. Pituitary microadenomas: diagnosis with dynamic serial CT, conventional CT and T1-weighted MR imaging before and after injection of gadolinium. Eur J Radiol. 1994;18(3):191–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Tabarin A, Laurent F, Catargi B, Olivier-Puel F, Lescene R, Berge J, et al. Comparative evaluation of conventional and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland for the diagnosis of Cushing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol. 1998;49(3):293–300.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Yuh WT, Fisher DJ, Nguyen HD, Tali ET, Gao F, Simonson TM, et al. Sequential MR enhancement pattern in normal pituitary gland and in pituitary adenoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15(1):101–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Donovan JL, Nesbit GM. Distinction of masses involving the sella and suprasellar space: specificity of imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;167(3):597–603.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kovacs K. Adenohypophysial necrosis in routine autopsies. Endokrinologie. 1972;60(3):309–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Rolih CA, Ober KP. Pituitary apoplexy. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 1993;22(2):291–302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Vidal E, Cevallos R, Vidal J, Ravon R, Moreau JJ, Rogues AM, et al. Twelve cases of pituitary apoplexy. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152(9):1893–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Bonicki W, Kasperlik-Zaluska A, Koszewski W, Zgliczynski W, Wislawski J. Pituitary apoplexy: endocrine, surgical and oncological emergency. Incidence, clinical course and treatment with reference to 799 cases of pituitary adenomas. Acta Neurochir. 1993;120(3–4):118–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Randeva HS, Schoebel J, Byrne J, Esiri M, Adams CB, Wass JA. Classical pituitary apoplexy: clinical features, management and outcome. Clin Endocrinol. 1999;51(2):181–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Abrams HL, Spiro R, Goldstein N. Metastases in carcinoma; analysis of 1000 autopsied cases. Cancer. 1950;3(1):74–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Pernicone PJ, Scheithauer BW, Sebo TJ, Kovacs KT, Horvath E, Young WF Jr, et al. Pituitary carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases. Cancer. 1997;79(4):804–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Scheithauer BW, Kurtkaya-Yapicier O, Kovacs KT, Young WF Jr, Lloyd RV. Pituitary carcinoma: a clinicopathological review. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(5):1066–74; discussion -74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Dodge HW Jr, Love JG, Craig WM, Dockerty MB, Kearns TP, Holman CB, Hayles AB. Gliomas of the optic nerves. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1958;79(6):607–21. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.958.02340060003001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Fujii K, Fujita N, Hirabuki N, Hashimoto T, Miura T, Kozuka T. Neuromas and meningiomas: evaluation of early enhancement with dynamic MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1992;13(4):1215–20.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Joo YG, Korogi Y, Hirai T, Sakamoto Y, Sumi M, Takahashi M, et al. Differential diagnosis of extra-axial intracranial tumours by dynamic spin-echo MRI. Neuroradiology. 1995;37(7):522–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Cappabianca P, Cirillo S, Alfieri A, D’Amico A, Maiuri F, Mariniello G, et al. Pituitary macroadenoma and diaphragma sellae meningioma: differential diagnosis on MRI. Neuroradiology. 1999;41(1):22–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Pinzer T, Krishnan KG, Schackert G. The diaphragma sellae meningioma -- a rare differential diagnosis of non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Zentralbl Neurochir. 2004;65(4):195–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Michael AS, Paige ML. MR imaging of intrasellar meningiomas simulating pituitary adenomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1988;12(6):944–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Nozaki K, Nagata I, Yoshida K, Kikuchi H. Intrasellar meningioma: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 1997;47(5):447–52; discussion 52–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Yeakley JW, Kulkarni MV, McArdle CB, Haar FL, Tang RA. High-resolution MR imaging of juxtasellar meningiomas with CT and angiographic correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1988;9(2):279–85.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Hoffman HJ. Surgical management of craniopharyngioma. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1994;21(Suppl 1):44–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Sartoretti-Schefer S, Wichmann W, Aguzzi A, Valavanis A. MR differentiation of adamantinous and squamous-papillary craniopharyngiomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18(1):77–87.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Nagahata M, Hosoya T, Kayama T, Yamaguchi K. Edema along the optic tract: a useful MR finding for the diagnosis of craniopharyngiomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19(9):1753–7.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Saeki N, Uchino Y, Murai H, Kubota M, Isobe K, Uno T, et al. MR imaging study of edema-like change along the optic tract in patients with pituitary region tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(3):336–42.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Eldevik OP, Blaivas M, Gabrielsen TO, Hald JK, Chandler WF. Craniopharyngioma: radiologic and histologic findings and recurrence. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17(8):1427–39.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Cho DY, Wang YC, Ho WL. Primary intrasellar mixed germ-cell tumor with precocious puberty and diabetes insipidus. Childs Nerv Syst. 1997;13(1):42–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Jennings MT, Gelman R, Hochberg F. Intracranial germ-cell tumors: natural history and pathogenesis. J Neurosurg. 1985;63(2):155–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Bubl R, Hugo HH, Hempelmann RG, Barth H, Mehdorn HM. Granular-cell tumour: a rare suprasellar mass. Neuroradiology. 2001;43(4):309–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Wilkinson MD, Fulham MJ, Besser M. Neuroimaging findings in a suprasellar granular cell tumor. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2003;27(1):26–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Isidro ML, Iglesias Diaz P, Matias-Guiu X, Cordido F. Acromegaly due to a growth hormone-releasing hormone-secreting intracranial gangliocytoma. J Endocrinol Investig. 2005;28(2):162–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Song JK, Weil RJ. Pathologic quiz case: an unusual cause of acromegaly. Intrasellar gangliocytoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005;129(3):415–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Lopes MB, Lanzino G, Cloft HJ, Winston DC, Vance ML, Laws ER Jr. Primary fibrosarcoma of the sella unrelated to previous radiation therapy. Mod Pathol. 1998;11(6):579–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Moro M, Giannini C, Scheithauer BW, Lloyd RV, Restall P, Eagleton C, et al. Combined sellar fibrosarcoma and prolactinoma with neuronal metaplasia: report of a case unassociated with radiotherapy. Endocr Pathol. 2004;15(2):149–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Gharbi A, Ousehal A, Kissani N, Lakhdar A, Azhari A, Kadiri R. Sellar hemangiopericytoma. Report of a case. J Neuroradiol. 2001;28(3):195–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Sarwar M. Primary sellar-parasellar esthesioneuroblastoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1979;133(1):140–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Jacob S, Pye E, Hbahbih M, Messios N, Rajabally YA. Rapidly progressive bilateral ophthalmoplegia and enlarging sellar mass caused by amelanotic melanoma. J Neuroophthalmol. 2006;26(1):49–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kimura M, Takayasu M, Suzuki Y, Negoro M, Nagasaka T, Nakashima N, et al. Primary choroid plexus papilloma located in the suprasellar region: case report. Neurosurgery. 1992;31(3):563–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Huang YY, Lin SF, Dunn P, Wai YY, Hsueh C, Tsai JS. Primary pituitary lymphoma presenting as hypophysitis. Endocr J. 2005;52(5):543–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Wilberger JE Jr. Primary intrasellar schwannoma: case report. Surg Neurol. 1989;32(2):156–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Johnsen DE, Woodruff WW, Allen IS, Cera PJ, Funkhouser GR, Coleman LL. MR imaging of the sellar and juxtasellar regions. Radiographics. 1991;11(5):727–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Whee SM, Lee JI, Kim JH. Intrasellar schwannoma mimicking pituitary adenoma: a case report. J Korean Med Sci. 2002;17(1):147–50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Morrison DA, Bibby K. Sellar and suprasellar hemangiopericytoma mimicking pituitary adenoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115(9):1201–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Landman RE, Wardlaw SL, McConnell RJ, Khandji AG, Bruce JN, Freda PU. Pituitary lymphoma presenting as fever of unknown origin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(4):1470–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Naggara O, Varlet P, Page P, Oppenheim C, Meder JF. Suprasellar paraganglioma: a case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiology. 2005;47(10):753–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Freda PU, Post KD. Differential diagnosis of sellar masses. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 1999;28(1):81–117, vi.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Allan CA, Kaltsas G, Evanson J, Geddes J, Lowe DG, Plowman PN, et al. Pituitary chondrosarcoma: an unusual cause of a sellar mass presenting as a pituitary adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(1):386–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Gay E, Sekhar LN, Rubinstein E, Wright DC, Sen C, Janecka IP, et al. Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the cranial base: results and follow-up of 60 patients. Neurosurgery. 1995;36(5):887–96; discussion 96–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Lee HJ, Kalnin AJ, Holodny AI, Schulder M, Grigorian A, Sharer LR. Hemorrhagic chondroid chordoma mimicking pituitary apoplexy. Neuroradiology. 1998;40(11):720–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Rosenberg AE, Nielsen GP, Keel SB, Renard LG, Fitzek MM, Munzenrider JE, et al. Chondrosarcoma of the base of the skull: a clinicopathologic study of 200 cases with emphasis on its distinction from chordoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23(11):1370–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Akan H, Cihan B, Celenk C. Sphenoid sinus mucocele causing third nerve paralysis: CT and MR findings. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2004;33(5):342–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Di Girolamo S, Cannizzaro P, Picciotti P, Nardi C. Ophthalmoplegia and ptosis as onset symptoms of an isolated primary mucocele of the sphenoid sinus. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60(12):1500–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Som PM. CT of the paranasal sinuses. Neuroradiology. 1985;27(3):189–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Atlas SW, Grossman RI, Goldberg HI, Hackney DB, Bilaniuk LT, Zimmerman RA. Partially thrombosed giant intracranial aneurysms: correlation of MR and pathologic findings. Radiology. 1987;162(1 Pt 1):111–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Hanak BW, Zada G, Nayar VV, Thiex R, Du R, Day AL, Laws ER. Cerebral aneurysms with intrasellar extension: a systematic review of clinical, anatomical, and treatment characteristics. J Neurosurg. 2012;116(1):164–78. https://doi.org/10.3171/2011.9.JNS11380. Epub 2011 Nov 4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. DiNubile MJ. Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinuses. Arch Neurol. 1988;45(5):567–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Ebright JR, Pace MT, Niazi AF. Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinuses. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(22):2671–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Schuknecht B, Simmen D, Yuksel C, Valavanis A. Tributary venosinus occlusion and septic cavernous sinus thrombosis: CT and MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19(4):617–26.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Guoth MS, Kim J, de Lotbiniere AC, Brines ML. Neurosarcoidosis presenting as hypopituitarism and a cystic pituitary mass. Am J Med Sci. 1998;315(3):220–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Bellastella A, Bizzarro A, Coronella C, Bellastella G, Sinisi AA, De Bellis A. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: a rare or underestimated disease? Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;149(5):363–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Leung GK, Lopes MB, Thorner MO, Vance ML, Laws ER Jr. Primary hypophysitis: a single-center experience in 16 cases. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(2):262–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Thodou E, Asa SL, Kontogeorgos G, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Ezzat S. Clinical case seminar: lymphocytic hypophysitis: clinicopathological findings. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80(8):2302–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Saiwai S, Inoue Y, Ishihara T, Matsumoto S, Nemoto Y, Tashiro T, et al. Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis: skull radiographs and MRI. Neuroradiology. 1998;40(2):114–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Basaria S, Ayala AR, Guerin C, Dobs AS. A rare pituitary lesion. J Endocrinol Investig. 2000;23(3):189–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Bullmann C, Faust M, Hoffmann A, Heppner C, Jockenhovel F, Muller-Wieland D, et al. Five cases with central diabetes insipidus and hypogonadism as first presentation of neurosarcoidosis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2000;142(4):365–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Goyal M, Kucharczyk W, Keystone E. Granulomatous hypophysitis due to Wegener’s granulomatosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(8):1466–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Honegger J, Fahlbusch R, Bornemann A, Hensen J, Buchfelder M, Muller M, et al. Lymphocytic and granulomatous hypophysitis: experience with nine cases. Neurosurgery. 1997;40(4):713–22; discussion 22–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Sato N, Sze G, Endo K. Hypophysitis: endocrinologic and dynamic MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19(3):439–44.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. Jadhav RN, Dahiwadkar HV, Palande DA. Abscess formation in invasive pituitary adenoma: case report. Neurosurgery. 1998;43(3):616–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Milligan SA, Katz MS, Craven PC, Strandberg DA, Russell IJ, Becker RA. Toxoplasmosis presenting as panhypopituitarism in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med. 1984;77(4):760–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Maartens NF, Ellegala DB, Lopes MB. Pituitary abscess. J Neurosurg. 2001;95(6):1110–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Sabbah P, Bonardel G, Herve R, Marjou F, Hor F, Pharaboz C, et al. CT and MRI findings in primitive pituitary abscess: a case report and review of literature. J Neuroradiol. 1999;26(3):196–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Vates GE, Berger MS, Wilson CB. Diagnosis and management of pituitary abscess: a review of twenty-four cases. J Neurosurg. 2001;95(2):233–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Kline LB, Hoyt WF. The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71(5):577–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. de Arcaya AA, Cerezal L, Canga A, Polo JM, Berciano J, Pascual J. Neuroimaging diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: MRI contribution. Headache. 1999;39(5):321–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Haque TL, Miki Y, Kashii S, Yamamoto A, Kanagaki M, Takahashi T, et al. Dynamic MR imaging in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Eur J Radiol. 2004;51(3):209–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Odabasi Z, Gokcil Z, Atilla S, Pabuscu Y, Vural O, Yardim M. The value of MRI in a case of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1997;99(2):151–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Erlangen Medical School, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Manuel Schmidt & Arnd Doerfler

Authors
  1. Manuel Schmidt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Arnd Doerfler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manuel Schmidt .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Weight Management, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Gabriel I. Uwaifo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Schmidt, M., Doerfler, A. (2021). Imaging Aspects of Pathologies of the Sella, the Pituitary Gland, and the Hypothalamus. In: Uwaifo, G.I. (eds) The Human Hypothalamus. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62187-2_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62187-2_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-62186-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-62187-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation