Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are morphologically, physiologically, and phylogenetically diverse group (ecophysiological group) of microorganisms that are characterized by the movement along geomagnetic field lines in a process called magnetotaxis. MTB has been known to inhabit aquatic sediments (marine, estuarine, and freshwater), habitats, and rarely in the soil where vertical chemical concentration gradient exists. The cellular magnetism is usually seen due to lipid bound intracellular magnetic nanoparticles produced in MTB termed as magnetosomes. Magnetosome biosynthesis is a complex process that involves three main steps (i) invagination of cytoplasmic membrane, (ii) uptake of iron, and (iii) nucleation and maturation of magnetite crystals. Magnetosomes have a narrow size distribution when they are grown under optimal conditions and are considered to have several advantages to use for biomedical applications compared to synthetic nanoparticles. Experimental studies were conducted to compare magnetosome and synthetic magnetic nanoparticle acoustic properties, heat effects, physicochemical properties, magnetic properties, and cytotoxicity. The magnetosome’s high heating efficiency made it an effective alternative for the development of magnetic hyperthermia therapy. Another benefit of bacterial magnetosomes is their high purity levels. The biologically controlled mineralization was supposed to ensure high purity and perfect magnetosome crystal lattice, whereas the synthetic nanoparticles synthesized by the method of coprecipitation are often impure and have structural defects. In this review, we are focusing on the potential applications of bacterial magnetic nanoparticles in green nanotechnology.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abreu F, Leão P, Vargas G, et al (2018) Culture-independent characterization of a novel magnetotactic member affiliated to the Beta class of the Proteobacteria phylum from an acidic lagoon
Alphandéry E (2020) Applications of magnetotactic bacteria and the magnetosome for cancer treatment. Drug Discov Today:1444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2020.06.010
Alphandéry E, Abi Haidar D, Seksek O et al (2017) Nanoprobe synthesized by magnetotactic bacteria, detecting fluorescence variations under dissociation of rhodamine B from magnetosomes following temperature, pH changes, or the application of radiation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:36,561
Alsaiari SK, Ezzedine AH, Abdallah AM et al (2016) Magnetotactic bacterial cages as safe and smart gene delivery vehicles. OpenNano 1:36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onano.2016.07.001
Arakaki A, Takeyama H, Tanaka T, Matsunaga T (2002) Cadmium recovery by a sulfate-reducing magnetotactic bacterium, Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1, using magnetic separation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 98–100:833–840. https://doi.org/10.1385/ABAB:98-100:1-9:833
Arakaki A, Tanaka M, Matsunaga T (2018) Biological magnetic materials and applications. Biol Magn Mater Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8069-2
Araujo ACV, Abreu F, Silva KT et al (2015) Magnetotactic bacteria as potential sources of bioproducts. Mar Drugs 13:389
Arokiyaraj S, Saravanan M, Udaya Prakash NK et al (2013) Enhanced antibacterial activity of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles treated with Argemone mexicana L. leaf extract: an in vitro study. Mater Res Bull 48:3323–3327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.05.059
Aziz N, Pandey R, Barman I, Prasad R (2016) Leveraging the attributes of Mucor hiemalis-derived silver nanoparticles for a synergistic broad-spectrum antimicrobial platform. Front Microbiol 7:1984. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01984
Bahaj AS, Croudace IW, James PAB et al (1998) Continuous radionuclide recovery from wastewater using magnetotactic bacteria. J Magn Magn Mater 184:241–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-8853(97)01130-X
Bazylinski DA, Frankel RB (2004) Magnetosome formation in prokaryotes. Nat Rev Microbiol 2:217–230. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro842
Bazylinski DA, Frankel RB, Konhauser KO, Canada ATG (2002) Modes of biomineralization of magnetite by microbes. Geomicrobiol J 24:465–475
Blakemore R (1975) Magnetotactic bacteria. Science 190:377–379
Cai F, Li J, Sun J, Ji Y (2011) Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by biosorption using Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1. Chem Eng J 175:70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.09.041
Chariaou M, Rahn-Lee L, Kind J et al (2015) Anisotropy of bullet-shaped magnetite nanoparticles in the magnetotactic bacteria Desulfovibrio magneticus sp. strain RS-1. Biophys J 108:1268–1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2015.01.007
Chen C, Chen L, Yi Y et al (2016) Killing of Staphylococcus aureus via magnetic hyperthermia mediated by magnetotactic bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 82:2219–2226. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.04103-15
Cullity BD, Graham CD (2009) Definition and units. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Hoboken, NJ
Das A, Prasad R, Srivastava A, Giang PH, Bhatnagar K and Varma A (2007) Fungal siderophores: structure, functions and regulations. In: Varma A and Chincholkar SB (eds) Microbial siderophores (Vol. 12). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 1–42
Dasdag S (2014) Magnetotactic bacteria and their application in medicine. J Phys Chem Biophys 4:141. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0398.1000141
Descamps ECT, Monteil CL, Menguy N et al (2017) Desulfamplus magnetovallimortis gen. Nov., sp. nov., a magnetotactic bacterium from a brackish desert spring able to biomineralize greigite and magnetite, that represents a novel lineage in the Desulfobacteraceae. Syst Appl Microbiol 40:280–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2017.05.001
Devouard B, Pósfai M, Hua X et al (1998) Magnetite from magnetotactic bacteria: size distributions and twinning. Am Mineral 83:1387–1398. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1998-11-1228
Du H, Zhang R, Zhang W et al (2017) Characterization of uncultivated magnetotactic bacteria from the sediments of Yuehu Lake, China. Acta Oceanol Sin 36:94–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-017-0980-8
Dziuba M, Koziaeva V, Grouzdev D et al (2016) Magnetospirillum caucaseum sp. Nov., Magnetospirillum marisnigri sp. Nov. and Magnetospirillum moscoviense sp. Nov., freshwater magnetotactic bacteria isolated from three distinct geographical locations in European Russia. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 66:2069–2077. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000994
Faivre D, Schüler D (2008) Magnetotactic bacteria and magnetosomes. Chem Rev 108:4875–4898. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr078258w
Frankel RB (2005) Biologically induced mineralization by bacteria. Rev Mineral Geochem 54:95–114. https://doi.org/10.2113/0540095
Geurink C, Lefevre CT, Monteil CL et al (2020) Complete genome sequence of strain BW-2, a magnetotactic gammaproteobacterium in the family ectothiorhodospiraceae, isolated from a brackish spring in Death Valley, California. Microbiol Resour Announc 9:2–3. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.01144-19
Ginet N, Pardoux R, Adryanczyk G et al (2011) Single-step production of a recyclable nanobiocatalyst for organophosphate pesticides biodegradation using functionalized bacterial magnetosomes. PLoS One 6:4–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021442
Grouzdev D, Koziaeva V, Kuznetsov B, Skryabin K (2017) Magnetotactic bacteria—trends for the future research. NanoWorld J 03:29–31. https://doi.org/10.17756/nwj.2017-042
Hartung A, Lisy MR, Herrmann KH et al (2007) Labeling of macrophages using bacterial magnetosomes and their characterization by magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Magn Mater 311:454–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.10.1153
Islam T, Peng C, Ali I (2018) Morphological and cellular diversity of magnetotactic bacteria: a review. J Basic Microbiol 58:378–389. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201700383
Jacob JJ, Suthindhiran K (2016) Magnetotactic bacteria and magnetosomes—scope and challenges. Mater Sci Eng C 68:919–928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.049
Ji B, Da ZS, Zhang WJ et al (2017) The chimeric nature of the genomes of marine magnetotactic coccoid-ovoid bacteria defines a novel group of Proteobacteria. Environ Microbiol 19:1103–1119. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13637
Kabary HA, Attia M, Easa SM et al (2016) Characterization of magnetotactic bacteria (MTBs) isolated from different habitats in Egypt. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 7:244–257
Khalil ISM, Misra S (2017) Control of magnetotactic bacteria. In: Kim MJ et al (eds) Microbiorobotics: biologically inspired microscale robotic systems, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-32-342993-1.00010-0
Klumpp S, Faivre D (2016) Magnetotactic bacteria: magnetic navigation on the microscale. Eur Phys J Spec Top 225:2173–2188. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2016-60055-y
Koch N, Islam NF, Sonowal S, Prasad R, Sarma H (2021) Environmental antibiotics and resistance genes as emerging contaminants: methods of detection and bioremediation. Current Research in Microbial Sciences https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100027
Kolinko S, Richter M, Glöckner FO et al (2016) Single-cell genomics of uncultivated deep-branching magnetotactic bacteria reveals a conserved set of magnetosome genes. Environ Microbiol 18:21–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12907
Kozyaeva VV, Grouzdev DS, Dziuba MV et al (2017) Diversity of magnetotactic bacteria of the Moskva River. Microbiol (Russian Fed) 86:106–112. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026261717010088
Leão P, Teixeira LCRS, Cypriano J et al (2016) North-seeking magnetotactic gammaproteobacteria in the southern hemisphere. Appl Environ Microbiol 82:5595–5602. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01545-16
Li J, Pan Y, Liu Q et al (2010) Biomineralization, crystallography and magnetic properties of bullet-shaped magnetite magnetosomes in giant rod magnetotactic bacteria. Earth Planet Sci Lett 293:368–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.007
Li X, Xu H, Chen ZS, Chen G (2011) Biosynthesis of nanoparticles by microorganisms and their applications. J Nanomater 2011:1. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/270974
Liu Y, Li GR, Guo FF et al (2010) Large-scale production of magnetosomes by chemostat culture of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense at high cell density. Microb Cell Factories 9:99. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-9-99
Liu J, Zhang W, Li X et al (2017) Bacterial community structure and novel species of magnetotactic bacteria in sediments from a seamount in the Mariana volcanic arc. Sci Rep 7:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17445-4
Loghin D, Tremblay C, Mohammadi M, Martel S (2017) Exploiting the responses of magnetotactic bacteria robotic agents to enhance displacement control and swarm formation for drug delivery platforms. Int J Robot Res 36:1195–1210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0278364917728331
Lower BH, Bazylinski DA (2013) The bacterial magnetosome: a unique prokaryotic organelle. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 23:63–80. https://doi.org/10.1159/000346543
Mahmoudi M, Serpooshan V (2012) Silver-coated engineered magnetic nanoparticles are promising for the success in the fight against antibacterial resistance threat. ACS Nano 6:2656–2664. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn300042m
Mathuriya AS (2015) Magnetotactic bacteria for cancer therapy. Biotechnol Lett 37:491–498
Matsunaga T, Maruyama K, Takeyama H, Katoh T (2007) High-throughput SNP detection using nano-scale engineered biomagnetite. Biosens Bioelectron 22:2315–2321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2006.12.022
McCausland HC, Komeili A (2020) Magnetic genes: studying the genetics of biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria. PLoS Genet 16:e1008499. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008499
Monteil CL, Grouzdev DS, Perrière G et al (2020) Repeated horizontal gene transfers triggered parallel evolution of magnetotaxis in two evolutionary divergent lineages of magnetotactic bacteria. ISME J 14:1783–1794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0647-x
Palwasha Z, Islam S, Khan NS, Ayaz H (2018) Non-Newtonian nanoliquids thin-film flow through a porous medium with magnetotactic microorganisms. Appl Nanosci 8:1523–1544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-018-0834-5
Pankhurst QA, Connolly J, Jones SK, Dobson J (2003) Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine. J Phys D Appl Phys 36:R167–R181
Prasad R, Pandey R, Varma A, Barman I (2017) Polymer based nanoparticles for drug delivery systems and cancer therapeutics. In: Natural Polymers for Drug Delivery (eds. Kharkwal H and Janaswamy S), CAB International, UK 53–70
Qin W, Yu WC, Xuan MY et al (2020) Microbe-mediated extracellular and intracellular mineralization: environmental, industrial, and biotechnological applications. Adv Mater 32:1–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201907833
Richter M, Kube M, Bazylinski DA et al (2007) Comparative genome analysis of four magnetotactic bacteria reveals a complex set of group-specific genes implicated in magnetosome biomineralization and function. J Bacteriol 189:4899–4910. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00119-07
Rivas-Lamelo S, Benzerara K, Lefèvre CT et al (2017) Magnetotactic bacteria as a new model for P sequestration in the ferruginous Lake Pavin. Geochemical Perspect Lett 5:35–41. https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.1743
Salata OV (2004) Nanoparticles—known and unknown health risks. J Nanobiotechnol 6:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-2-12
Santomauro G, Singh AV, Park BW et al (2018) Incorporation of terbium into a microalga leads to magnetotactic swimmers. Adv Biosyst 2:1800039. https://doi.org/10.1002/adbi.201800039
Schüler D, Frankel RB (1999) Bacterial magnetosomes: microbiology, biomineralization and biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 52:464–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530051547
Shweta TDK, Chauhan DK, Peralta-Videa JR (2018) Availability and risk assessment of nanoparticles in living systems: a virtue or a peril? Elsevier, London
Singh RR, Ahmed T, Bamola N, Singh RR (2018) Isolation and characterization of magnetotactic bacteria collected from northern India: a preliminary study. J Pure Appl Microbiol 12:713–720. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.12.2.31
Sun JB, Duan JH, Dai SL et al (2008) Preparation and anti-tumor efficiency evaluation of doxorubicin-loaded bacterial magnetosomes: magnetic nanoparticles as drug carriers isolated from Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. Biotechnol Bioeng 101:1313–1320. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.22011
Tajer-Mohammad-Ghazvini P, Kasra-Kermanshahi R, Nozad-Golikand A et al (2016) Cobalt separation by Alphaproteobacterium MTB-KTN90: magnetotactic bacteria in bioremediation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 39:1899–1911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-016-1664-z
Tanaka M, Knowles W, Brown R et al (2016) Biomagnetic recovery and bioaccumulation of selenium granules in magnetotactic bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 82:3886–3891. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00508-16
Tang YS, Wang D, Zhou C et al (2012) Bacterial magnetic particles as a novel and efficient gene vaccine delivery system. Gene Ther 19:1187–1195. https://doi.org/10.1038/gt.2011.197
Usov NA, Gubanova EM (2020) Application of magnetosomes in magnetic hyperthermia. ar**v 2006.01525:1–11
Vargas G, Cypriano J, Correa T et al (2018) Applications of magnetotactic bacteria, magnetosomes and magnetosome crystals in biotechnology and nanotechnology: mini-review. Molecules 23:1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102438
Vincenti B, Ramos G, Cordero ML et al (2019) Magnetotactic bacteria in a droplet self-assemble into a rotary motor. Nat Commun 10:7–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13031-6
Waghmare V, Kale S, Pawar K, Metri A (2018) Isolation, identification of magnetotactic bacteria and their magnetosomes from Lonar lake. Int J Curr Res Life Sci 07:1858–1862
Wang X, Li Y, Zhao J et al (2020) Magnetotactic bacteria: characteristics and environmental applications. Front Environ Sci Eng 14:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1235-z
**ang L, Wei J, Jianbo S et al (2007) Purified and sterilized magnetosomes from Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 were not toxic to mouse fibroblasts in vitro. Lett Appl Microbiol 45:75–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02143.x
**ang Z, Yang X, Xu J et al (2017) Tumor detection using magnetosome nanoparticles functionalized with a newly screened EGFR/HER2 targeting peptide. Biomaterials 115:53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.11.022
**ng W, Hu H, Zhang Y et al (2020) Magnetotactic bacteria diversity of and magnetism contribution to sediment in Wudalianchi volcanic barrier lakes, NE China. Sci Total Environ 718:137348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137348
Yan L, Zhang S, Chen P et al (2012) Magnetotactic bacteria, magnetosomes and their application. Microbiol Res 167:507–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2012.04.002
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Kinnari Parekh, KRADLE, CHARUSAT, and Dr. Rucha Desai, Department of Physical Sciences, PDPIAS, CHARUSAT for the help in the writing of the manuscript. The authors would like to thank the HOD, Department of Biological Sciences, and the Principal, PDPIAS, CHARUSAT for timely advice and encouragements in magnetism based writeup.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Markande, A.R., Mistry, K., Undaviya, S., Jha, A. (2021). Magnetic Nanoparticles from Bacteria. In: Sarma, H., Joshi, S.J., Prasad, R., Jampilek, J. (eds) Biobased Nanotechnology for Green Applications. Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61985-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61985-5_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-61984-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-61985-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)