Abstract
Apart from tourism’s direct economic effects on wages, the development of sectoral relations between tourism and other industries causes firm development and employment generation through the supply demand that arises from the purchase of products and services. Studies conducted on tourism and suppliers often examine relationships with the agricultural sector and highlight these relationships’ positive effects on agricultural product suppliers. The aim of this study is to identify the geographical distribution of the food supply networks of tourism and to explore their secondary economic impacts on the agriculture sector through their supplier relations. This research was conducted in Alanya, one of the most important destinations in Turkey in terms of agricultural production. In this context, the following questions are addressed: Who are the actors in the tourism and food supply process? What are the impacts of tourism on the firms that supply agricultural products? What kind of supplier geography does tourism create with second-tier suppliers? Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with firms in a wholesale market for fresh fruit and vegetables (WM for F&V) in the research area, and non-parametric tests were used to explain their relations with and the impacts of the tourism sector. Furthermore, the supplier network between tourism and agriculture firms was examined to show the geographical economic impact of the sector. The results indicate that hotels are important customers for food supplier firms and that tourism generates strong networks and enhances the supply of agricultural production within and outside the tourism region.
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Notes
- 1.
According to the average visitor expenditure per capita published by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the tourism income of Alanya in 2015 was approximately 3.5 billion dollars, accounting for approximately 10% of the tourism revenues of Turkey.
- 2.
The report covers nine hotels in Antalya between 2008 and 2012.
- 3.
The other WMs for F&V are located at Payallar (45 firms), Konaklı (36 firms), and Demirtaş (33 firms). The WMs for F&V of Payallar, Konaklı, and Demirtaş are closed from 15 June to 15 September since the firms in these WMs for F&V are only agricultural producers and exporters, and production is interrupted due to climatic conditions in the summer. Since the study focuses only on the relationship between agriculture and tourism, these other WMs for F&Vs are excluded.
- 4.
Since sales to restaurants are relatively low, sales to the hospitality sector and sales to restaurants are grouped together as sales to the tourism sector in the latter part of the study.
- 5.
Firms have been examined as unlimited or equity companies [corporations (Co.) or limited liability (Co. Ltd.)]. Commercial company types are considered important indicators of firm size. Accordingly, 70% of the firms interviewed were unlimited companies, and 30% were equity companies. Among the equity companies, Co. accounted for 6%, and Co. Ltd. comprised 24%.
- 6.
See Appendix 1 for the general characteristics of the interviewed firms.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Istanbul Technical University Support Program for Doctoral Dissertation (Project Number: 37766) and Alanya Chamber of Commerce and Industry for funding this research. We also thank Sinem Metin Kacar, Joan Eroncel, and Paul Waite for language editing and proofreading.
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Appendices
Appendix 1. General Characteristics of the Interviewed Firms
Firms that sell to tourism sector (FTs) | Firms that sell to other sectors (FOs) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Firm code | Open. date | Capital structure | Firm type | Num. of emp. | Firm code | Open. date | Capital structure | Firm type | Num. of emp. |
FT1 | 2013 | Unli.comp. | AB | 3 | FO1 | 1990 | Part.Comp. | AB | 4 |
FT2 | 1998 | Unli.comp. | S + AB | 3 | FO2 | 1995 | Co.Ltd. | AB | 6 |
FT3 | 1992 | Co.Ltd. | AB | 20 | FO3 | 1992 | Co.Ltd. | AB | 8 |
FT4 | 1998 | Co.Ltd. | S | 15 | FO4 | 1994 | Part.Comp. | AB | 3 |
FT5 | 2014 | Corp | S | 30 | FO5 | 1970 | Part.Comp. | S + AB | 4 |
FT6 | 2000 | Co.Ltd. | S | 3 | FO6 | 2000 | Part.Comp. | AB | 4 |
FT7 | 1992 | Co.Ltd. | AB | 5 | FO7 | 1991 | Co.Ltd. | AB | 6 |
FT8 | 1995 | Unli.comp. | AB | 2 | FO8 | 2012 | Part.Comp. | AB | 3 |
FT9 | 2005 | Unli.comp. | AB | 2 | FO9 | 1994 | Part.Comp. | AB | 2 |
FT10 | 2013 | Co.Ltd. | S | 18 | FO10 | 2000 | Part.Comp. | AB | 5 |
FT11 | 2014 | Corp. | S | 18 | FO11 | 2012 | Co.Ltd. | AB | 16 |
FT12 | 1992 | Unli.comp. | AB | 2 | FO12 | 1970 | Part.Comp. | AB | 1 |
FT13 | 1996 | Corp. | AB | 4 | FO13 | 1970 | Co.Ltd. | AB | 3 |
FT14 | 1992 | Unli.comp. | AB | 4 | FO14 | 1971 | Part.Comp. | AB | 1 |
FT15 | 1992 | Unli.comp. | AB | 4 | FO15 | 2000 | Part.Comp. | AB | 4 |
FT16 | 1994 | Unli.comp. | AB | 8 | FO16 | 2000 | Part.Comp. | AB | 4 |
FT17 | 1994 | Unli.comp. | AB | 8 | FO17 | 1990 | Part.Comp. | AB | 6 |
FT18 | 1992 | Unli.comp. | AB | 7 | FO18 | 2008 | Part.Comp. | AB | 2 |
FT19 | 1992 | Unli.comp. | AB | 7 | FO19 | 2014 | Part.Comp. | AB | 2 |
FT20 | 1982 | Unli.comp. | AB | 7 | FO20 | 2002 | Part.Comp. | AB | 3 |
FT21 | 1982 | Unli.comp. | AB | 7 | FO21 | 1988 | Co.Ltd. | AB | 10 |
FO22 | 1989 | Part.Comp. | AB | 3 | |||||
FO23 | 1997 | Part.Comp. | AB | 3 | |||||
FO24 | 2000 | Co.Ltd. | AB | 3 | |||||
FO25 | 1999 | Part.Comp. | AB | 6 | |||||
FO26 | 1994 | Part.Comp. | AB | 2 | |||||
Appendix 2. Number of Foreign Arrivals and New Firms
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Salihoglu, G., Gezici, F. (2021). Linkages Between Tourism and Agriculture: The Case of Turkey. In: Ferrante, M., Fritz, O., Öner, Ö. (eds) Regional Science Perspectives on Tourism and Hospitality. Advances in Spatial Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61274-0_15
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