Religious Identities: From the Colonial to the Global

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Religious Identities and the Global South

Part of the book series: New Approaches to Religion and Power ((NARP))

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Abstract

There are many colonial wounds to be healed and wrinkles to be ironed out and they relate to the issue of religious identities as well. This chapter takes a critical view of the Global Northern interpretation of contemporary religious scenario through the frame of secularization and fundamentalism without reference to the colonial history. Religion in the Global South has been a “weapon of the weak” in the struggle of the colonized peoples against the colonial rulers. It was religion through which colonized peoples and nations preserved their culture and identity—a reason for continued attachment of the people of the South to their religious universe. How does one make a transition from the postcolonial to the global? What role could religions of the South contribute to liberation at the local level and for universal solidarity at the global level? Like the global market, religions too, through a process of de-territorialization, get globalized blurring the borders between the local and the global in practices and beliefs. This chapter contests the widespread view that in the Global South religion is an expression of pre-modernity and postulates the need to bring into serious theorizing the religious experiences of the South, especially under globalizing conditions.

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Notes

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    Cf. Spencer Lavan, Unitarians and India. A Study in Encounter and Response (Boston: Beacon Press, 1977).

  3. 3.

    Cf. Edward Said, Orientalism. Western Conception of the Orient (London: Penguin Books, 1978), 78.

  4. 4.

    I wonder whether this spirit of Orientalism continues with the plethora of present-day religious studies projects.

  5. 5.

    Cf. Wilfred Cantwell Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991); Richard King, Orientalism and Religion: Postcolonial Theory, India and “the Mystic East” (London: Routledge, 1999).

  6. 6.

    Cf. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1979).

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    Cf. Williams, Rowan. “The Prophetic and the Mystical: Heiler Revisited.” New Blackfriars 64, no. 757 (1983): 330–47.

  8. 8.

    Friedrich Heiler, Das Gebet, Eine Religionsgeschtliche und Religionspsychologische Untersuchung, 5th edition, (Munich: Nabu Press,1923). Such a distinction was operative also in the work of other Protestant phenomenologists of religion like Nathan Söderblom. Cf. Rowan Williams, “The Prophetic and the Mystical: Heiler Revisited,” New Blackfriars 64, no.757 (1983): 330–47.

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    As quoted in Stephen Neill, A History of Christianity in India 1707–1858 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 33.

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    For the text of the document see http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19891015_meditazione-cristiana_en.html

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    Deborah A. Boehm, “Our Lady of Resistance: The Virgin of Guadalupe and Contested Constructions of Community in Santa Fe, New Mexico,” Journal of the Southwest 44, no.1 (2002): 95–104. at 102; Eric R. Wolf, “The Virgin of Guadalupe: A Mexican National Symbol,” The Journal of American Folklore 71, no. 279 (1958): 34–39.

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    Cf. David Kopf, British Orientalism ad the Bengal Renaissance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); David Kopf, The Brahmosamaj and the Sha** of the Modern Indian Mind (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979); Sophie Dobson Collet, ed., Raja Rammohan Roy (Calcutta: Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, 1962); S. Cromwell Crawford, Ram Mohan Roy: Social, Political, and Religious Reform in 19th Century India (New York: Paragon House, 1987); Bruce Carlisle Robertson, Raja Rammohan Ray: The Father of Modern India (Delhi: Oxford UP, 1995); see also Arvind Sharma, Modern Hindu Thought. The Essential Texts (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002).

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    Bruce B. Lawrence, “Muslim Engagement with Injustice and Violence,” in Mark Juergensmeyer—Margo Kitts and Michael Jerryson, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Violence (New York: Oxford, 2013), 126–152, at 142–143.

  15. 15.

    Cf. Bipan Chandra, Communalism in Modern India, 3rd rev. ed. (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publication, 2008). The author discusses a caricatured view of colonialism as responsible for communalism in India, which is then easily demolished.

  16. 16.

    Cf. Jaroslav Pelikan, Christianity and Classical Culture: The Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in the Christian Encounter with Hellenism (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1993).

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    Cf. James C. Russell, The Germanization of Early Medieval Christianity: A Socio-historical Approach to Religious Transformation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).

  18. 18.

    See Franklin Pilario, Felix Wilfred and Huang Po Ho, eds., “Asian Christianities,” in Concilium 2018/1 (London: SCM Press, 2018).

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    Cf. Gunther D Sontheimer and Hermann Kulke, eds., Hinduism Reconsidered (New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1989).

  20. 20.

    Title of one of the recent works adopts this plural vocabulary. See Cf. John Zavos, Pralay Kanungo, Deepa S. Reddy, Maya Warrier, Raymond Williams, eds., Public Hinduisms (Delhi: Sage Publications, 2012).

  21. 21.

    Cf. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976), para 66.

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    Mohammad Rakib, “One House Two Temples: The Ambivalence of Local Chinese Buddhism in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, http://jurnal.uinbanten.ac.id/index.php/kwl/article/view/2043 [accessed on October 25, 2019].

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    Chandra Mallampalli, Christians and Public Life in Colonial South India, 1863–1937 (London and New York: Routledge, 2004), 2.

  24. 24.

    This is pursued very earnestly in the Roman Catholic Church since the Council Vatican II.

  25. 25.

    Cf. Robert Schreiter, The New Catholicity: Theology Between Global and the Local (Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1997).

  26. 26.

    Olivier Roy, Holy Ignorance. When Religion and Culture Part Ways (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 156–157.

  27. 27.

    J. Kwabena Asamoah-Gyadu, “African Initiated Christianity in Eastern Europe: Church of the “Embassy of God in Ukraine,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 30, no. 2 (2006): 73–75, at 75; see also Babatunde Adedibu, “Welcoming strangers! The responses of African Pentecostal Churches in London to Europe’s Migration and Refugee Crisis,” Missionalia 44, no.3 (2016): 263–283.

  28. 28.

    Cf. Sebastian Kim, “Inter-Asia Mission and Global Missionary Movements from Asia,” in Felix Wilfred, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Christianity in Asia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 145–157.

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    Cf. Shim Ja Hoon, “Doing God’s Work for the Taliban, Korean Christian Missionaries End up Bolstering the Terrorists in Afghanistan,” Yale Global (September 4, 2007).

  30. 30.

    Cf. Roy, Holy Ignorance, 170–173.

  31. 31.

    Roy, Holy Ignorance, 159–185.

  32. 32.

    Cf. Steven Vertovec, “Hinduism in Diaspora: The Transformation of Tradition in Trinidad,” in Gunther D Sontheimer and Herman Kulke, eds., Hinduism Reconsidered (Delhi: Manohar, 1991),157–186.

  33. 33.

    For detailed treatment of religion and diaspora, see Chap. 7.

  34. 34.

    Cf. John Zavos, Pralay Kanungo, Deepa S. Reddy, Maya Warrier, Raymond Williams, eds., Public Hinduisms (Delhi: Sage Publications, 2012).

  35. 35.

    Cf. Suzanne K. Kaufman, Consuming Visions. Mass Culture and the Lourdes Shrine (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005); see also Ruth Harri, Lourdes: Body and Spirit in a Secular Age (New York: Viking, 1999).

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    Lena Gemzöe, “Every Minute Out There: Creating Ritual among Swedish Pilgrims to Santiago De Compostela.” In Journal of Ritual Studies 28, no. 2 (2014): 65–75, at 65.

  37. 37.

    Mircea Eliade, ed., The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1980); see also Dominic John Farace, The Sacred-profane Dichotomy: A Comparative Analysis of Its Use in the Work of Émile Durkheim and Mircea Eliade, as Far as Published in English … (California: Rijksuniversiteit, University of California, 1982).

  38. 38.

    The 2002 Paul Hanly Furfey Lecture, “Crosses of Blood: Sacred Space, Religion, and Violence in Bosnia-Hercegovina,” in Sociology of Religion 64, no.3 (2003): 309–331; See also a special issue of Concilium 2015/1 “Religion and Identity in Post-Conflict Societies”.

  39. 39.

    Benjamin Penny, The Religion of Falun Gong (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012); Scott Lowe, “Chinese and International Contexts for the Rise of Falun Gong,” Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 6, no. 2 (2003): 263–76; David Ownby, “The ‘Falun Gong’ In The New World,” European Journal of East Asian Studies 2, no. 2 (2003): 303–20.

  40. 40.

    Cf. Mary Douglas, ed., Food in the Social Order (London and New York: Routledge, 1973).

  41. 41.

    It may be surprising to learn that about 71% of the Indian population consume meat and are not vegetarians.

  42. 42.

    Cf. Kate Bowler, Blessed: A History of the American Prosperity Gospel (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013). Wilfred Asampambila Agana, Succeed Here and in Eternity (Bern: Peter Lang, 2016); D.L. Machado, “Capitalism, Immigration, and the Prosperity Gospel,” Anglican Theological Review 92, no. 4 (2010): 723–30.

  43. 43.

    Katharine L. Wiegele, Investing in Miracles: El Shaddai and the Transformation of Popular Catholicism in the Philippines (Honolulu: University of Hawai’I, 2005), 173.

  44. 44.

    Seok-Choon Lew, Woo-Young Choi, and Hye Suk Wang, “Confucian Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism in Korea: The Significance of Filial Piety,” Journal of East Asian Studies 11, no. 2 (2011): 171–96; Timothy Brook, “Weber, Mencius, and the History of Chinese Capitalism,” Asian Perspective 19, no. 1 (1995): 79–97; John H. Sagers, Origins of Japanese Wealth and Power: Reconciling Confucianism and Capitalism, 1830–1885, 1st ed. (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).

  45. 45.

    Cf. Patrick Haenni, L’Islam de marché: L’autre révolution conservatrice (Paris: Seuil, 2005); Sarah Koenig, “Almighty God and the Almighty Dollar: The Study of Religion and Market Economies in the United States,” Religion Compass 10 (2016): 83–97; Daromir Rudnyckyj and Filippo Osella, eds., Religion and the Morality of the Market (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017); Gabe Johnson Ignatow and Ali Lindsey Madanipour, “Global System Theory and ‘Market-friendly’ Religion,” Globalizations 11 (2014): 827–41; D. R. Loy, “The Religion of the Market,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 65, no. 2 (1997): 275–90; A.J. Pace E. Blasi, “A Market Theory of Religion,” Social Compass: Revue des études Socio-, Religieuses Review of Socio-religious Studies 56, no. 2 (2009): 263–72.

  46. 46.

    Cf. Robert W. Hefner, “Religious Resurgence in Contemporary Asia: Southeast Asian Perspectives on Capitalism, the State, and the New Piety,” The Journal of Asian Studies 69, no. 4 (November 2010):1031–1047.

  47. 47.

    David Palmer, Glenn Shive and Philip Wickeri, eds., Chinese Religious Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 214.

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Wilfred, F. (2021). Religious Identities: From the Colonial to the Global. In: Religious Identities and the Global South. New Approaches to Religion and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60738-8_3

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