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Heterogeneous Catalysis by Frustrated Lewis Pairs

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Frustrated Lewis Pairs

Part of the book series: Molecular Catalysis ((MOLCAT,volume 2))

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Abstract

Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), featuring reactive Lewis acid and Lewis base sites that can cooperatively activate small molecules, have been exploited in a wide range of homogeneous catalytic reactions since their inception in 2006. However, it is only recently that the tenets of FLP chemistry have been used to develop heterogeneous catalysts, which are advantageous due to their ease of separation from reaction mixtures and the recyclability of the catalyst. This chapter outlines the many different approaches that research groups around the world have taken to synthesise and utilise semi-immobilised or fully immobilised (solid-state) FLP catalysts. This includes supporting the Lewis acid and/or base components on or within a whole host of different materials, including silica, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), polyoxometalate clusters, metal oxides, graphene and hexagonal boron nitride.

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Abbreviations

AIBN:

Azabisisobutyronitrile

atm.:

Atmosphere(s)

ATR:

Attenuated total reflectance

BDC:

Benzenedicarboxylate

BPDC:

4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylate

COD:

1,5-cyclooctadiene

CP:

Cross polarisation

CQD:

Carbon quantum dot

Cy:

Cyclohexyl

DABCO:

1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

DCM:

Dichloromethane

DMF:

N,N-dimethylformamide

DRIFT:

Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform

EDX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray

FLP :

Frustrated Lewis pair

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared

h:

Hour(s)

HAADF-STEM:

High-angle annular dark-field scanning tunnelling electron microscopy

h-BN:

Hexagonal boron nitride

IR:

Infrared

MD:

Molecular dynamics

MOF:

Metal-organic framework

Mes:

Mesityl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl

MS:

Molecular sieves

NHO:

N-heterocyclic olefin

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

NP:

Nanoparticle

OAc:

Acetate

Pd/CN:

Palladium on nitrogen-doped carbon material

PDOS:

Projected density of states

pin:

Pinacol

POM:

Polyoxometalate

PXRD:

Powder X-ray diffraction

py:

Pyridine

r.t.:

Room temperature

RWGS:

Reverse water gas shift

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

SIP:

Surface-initiated polymerisation

TBHP:

Tert-butyl hydroperoxide

TCPP:

Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin

TCTB:

Tris(para-carboxylate)tridurylborane

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

TMP:

2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

α-CD:

α-cyclodextrin

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  1. School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK

    Andrew R. Jupp

  2. Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Andrew R. Jupp

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    Andrew R. Jupp

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Jupp, A.R. (2021). Heterogeneous Catalysis by Frustrated Lewis Pairs. In: Chris Slootweg, J., Jupp, A.R. (eds) Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Molecular Catalysis, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58888-5_7

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