Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionised oncology and represents a fast-growing area of new drug products in anti-cancer therapy. Patients can now benefit from an expanded landscape of treatment options for several tumour types. The value of cancer immunotherapy is well-established thanks to the clinical success following regulatory approval of several immunomodulators and cellular immunotherapies, and both the private and the public sector are investing to provide patients with improved immune-based agents and to extend the indications of already marketed products. Although recent achievements offer the best promise for successful treatment, innovators in the field of cancer immunotherapy still face many challenges toward commercialisation that could be mitigated by a smart drug development strategy.
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Abbreviations
- Acronym:
-
Definition
- ADCC:
-
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- AE:
-
Adverse event
- AI:
-
Artificial intelligence
- AIDS:
-
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
- APC:
-
Antigen-presenting cells
- ATMP:
-
Advanced therapy medicinal product
- B2M :
-
β2-microglobulin
- B-ALL:
-
B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
- BCMA:
-
B-cell maturation antigen
- BMS:
-
Bristol–Myers Squibb’s
- CAR:
-
Chimeric antigen receptor
- CAT:
-
Committee for Advanced Therapies
- CD:
-
Cluster of differentiation
- CDC:
-
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity
- CEA:
-
Carcinoembryonic antigen
- CRISPR:
-
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- CSF1R:
-
Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor
- ctDNA:
-
Circulating tumour DNA
- CTLA4:
-
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein
- DARPins:
-
Designed ankyrin repeats
- DC:
-
Dendritic cells
- DLBCL:
-
Diffuse-large B-cell lymphoma
- dMMR:
-
Deficient mismatch repair
- EBV:
-
Epstein–Barr virus
- EGFR:
-
Epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMA:
-
European Medicines Agency
- Fc:
-
Fragment crystallisable
- FDA:
-
Food and Drug Administration
- GITR:
-
Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein
- GMP:
-
Good manufacturing practise
- GPC3:
-
Glypican-3
- HBV:
-
Hepatitis B virus
- HER2:
-
Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2
- HLA:
-
Human leukocyte antigen
- HNSCC:
-
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- HPV:
-
Human papilloma virus
- HSV:
-
Herpes simplex virus
- HTA:
-
Health technology assessment
- ICI:
-
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
- ICOS:
-
Inducible T-cell costimulator
- IDO:
-
Idoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase
- IgG:
-
Immunoglobulin G
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- INFAR:
-
Interferon-alpha receptor
- INF-γ:
-
Interferon-γ
- IP:
-
Intellectual property
- LAG3:
-
Lymphocyte-activation gene 3
- MA:
-
Marketing authorisation
- mAbs:
-
Monoclonal antibodies
- MAGE:
-
Melanoma-associated antigen
- MDSC:
-
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MHC-I:
-
Major histocompatibility complex I
- MRD:
-
Minimal residual disease
- MSI:
-
Micro satellite instability
- MUC-1:
-
Mucin 1
- NGS:
-
Next-generation sequencing
- NIH:
-
National Institutes of Health
- NK:
-
Natural killer
- NSCLC:
-
Non-small cell lung cancer
- PASS:
-
Post authorisation safety study
- PD1:
-
Programmed cell death protein 1
- PDL1:
-
Programmed cell death protein ligand 1
- PGE2:
-
Prostaglandin E2
- PRO:
-
Patient-reported outcome
- PSCA:
-
Prostate stem cell antigen
- PSMA:
-
Prostate-specific membrane antigen
- PTA:
-
Patent term adjustment
- R&D:
-
Research and development
- RCC:
-
Renal cell carcinoma
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RSV:
-
Respiratory syncytial virus
- SME:
-
Small- and medium-sized entrepreneurs
- SPC:
-
Supplementary protection certificate
- STAT3:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- STING:
-
Stimulator of interferon genes
- TCR:
-
T-cell receptor
- TGF-β:
-
Transforming growth factor beta
- TIL:
-
Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes
- TLR:
-
Toll-like receptor
- TMB:
-
Tumour mutational burden
- TME:
-
Tumour microenvironment
- TNBC:
-
Triple-negative breast cancer
- TNF:
-
Tumour necrosis factor
- Treg:
-
T regulatory cells
- TRIPS:
-
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
- USPTO:
-
United States Patent Office
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- WT1:
-
Wilms tumour protein
- WTO:
-
World Trade Organization
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Ravasio, S. (2021). Industrial Perspective on Immunotherapy. In: Fontana, F., Santos, H.A. (eds) Bio-Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1295. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58174-9_15
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