Abstract
The drug discovery landscape is changing with the advent of personalized medicine and the companion diagnostics that are used to select patients who will respond to a marketed drug. This chapter provides an overview of the techniques used in the diagnostic laboratory and moves on to discuss personalized medicine in the form of pharmacogenetics and SNP analysis. Mention is also made of the surrogate markers and biomarkers used in clinical trials.
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Notes
- 1.
Point-of-care diagnostics are also used in hospital emergency rooms, where rapid diagnosis of conditions is clearly important.
- 2.
This 4-hour level of around 4.6 nanograms TNF-α per milliliter of blood illustrates just how potent and destructive these cytokines can be.
- 3.
The physical size and shape of cell populations can also be discriminated by measuring the scattering of the laser light.
- 4.
Western blots are named after the compass point – the concept of blotting molecules onto membranes was exploited by Dr. Ed Southern in the form of the southern blot used for analyzing DNA fragments. Someone, with a peculiar brand of humor, subsequently named the transfer of RNA a Northern blot, so Western blots followed for proteins (the nomenclature has got out of hand, with the introduction of Eastern and Southwestern blots).
- 5.
Leaving aside sex chromosome differences.
- 6.
Variability due to epigenetic changes is also of profound importance (Chap. 6).
- 7.
Arno Motulsky pioneered the field of pharmacogenetics (Motulsky 1957).
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Zanders, E.D. (2020). Diagnostics and Personalized Medicine. In: The Science and Business of Drug Discovery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57814-5_14
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57814-5_14
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