Abstract
The chapter deals with the way mathematicians were successful in replacing canonical philosophers nearly completely in the study of natural philosophy, both in research and academic contexts and how they invented an academic discipline that was called simply physics, concerned only with the study of inanimate matter, excluding alchemy. The new conception of physics for at least the whole of the 18th century still continued to be called natural philosophy, and even maintained some of the characteristics of old physics. Following the spread of mechanical and experimental philosophies in the European universities and colleges, the theoretical explanations of natural philosophy were accompanied by experiments, mainly concerning mechanics, hydraulics, pneumatics, electricity. Later, especially in France, teaching began to be supported by mathematics. The complex relationship between experimental and mechanical philosophies (and the heuristic role of theories) is also addressed. In principle, experimental philosophy did not require the knowledge of mechanical philosophy. The latter, however, was helpful because it suggested explanatory models and made it possible to make predictions, which if sometimes proved to be false were, however, a starting point. For this reason many experimental philosophers supported mechanical philosophy.
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Notes
- 1.
vol. 15, p. 146.
- 2.
p. 82; p. 12. note 2.
- 3.
pp. 80–81.
- 4.
p. 197.
- 5.
p. 74.
- 6.
pp. 95–96.
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p. 218.
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Preface. Not numbered pages, third page.
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p. 19, free on line version.
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pp. 70–71.
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pp. 124–125.
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p. 3.
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vol. 10, p. 239.
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vol. 19, pp. 599–632.
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vol. 19, p. 603, 606.
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vol. 19, pp. 646.
- 17.
p. 10.
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p. 82.
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p. 135.
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pp. 440–449.
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p. 6. Translation in [113]. Notice the number of pages starts again from 1 after the preface of Magalotti.
- 22.
p. 140.
- 23.
pp. 6–7. To the reader.
- 24.
pp. 7–8.
- 25.
p. 8.
- 26.
pp. 95–104.
- 27.
vol. 1, p. 3.
- 28.
pp. 289-290.
- 29.
p. 173.
- 30.
pp. 34–69.
- 31.
Letter to the Royal society, just before the preface.
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p. 99.
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p. 17.
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p. 15.
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p. 123.
- 36.
p. 5.
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p. 59.
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p. 65.
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p. 2415.
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vol. 1, pp. 251–252.
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vol. 5, pp. 281–291.
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pp. 215–226.
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vol. 5, p. 513.
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vol. 5, pp. 516–517.
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p. 7.
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p. 26.
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p. 43.
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vol. 3, p. 426.
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p. 35.
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p. 40.
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p. 41.
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vol. 1, p. 4.
- 53.
p. 112.
- 54.
vol. 1, Experiment 36, p. 86.
- 55.
p. 615.
- 56.
vol.1, pp. 1–185.
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vol.1, pp. 118–185.
- 58.
vol.1, pp. 186–242.
- 59.
pp. 26–30.
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pp. 30–31.
- 61.
p. 58.
- 62.
pp. 478–484.
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vol. 10, p. 239; pp. 228–229.
- 64.
Experiment 1, p. 12.
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Experiment 20, p. 71.
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pp. 153–157.
- 67.
vol. 36, fol. 57v. Transcribed in [115], p. 167.
- 68.
pp. 117–188.
- 69.
p. 188; vol. 8, f. 187r.
- 70.
vol. 1, Seraphic love, p. 283; p. 210.
- 71.
vol. 6. Christian virtuoso. Second part, p. 776.
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pp. 496–497; p. 91.
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p. 54.
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p. 724.
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p. 497.
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p. 65.
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p. 71.
- 78.
Atoms is a word Boyle used in a not technical way to mean irreducible corpuscles.
- 79.
pp. 71–72.
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pp. 66–67.
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p. 25.
- 82.
p. 3.
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p. 3.
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p. 39.
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p. 350.
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p. 64.
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vol. 1, p. 308.
- 88.
p. 67.
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pp. 21–22.
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p. 110.
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p. 125.
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p. 180.
- 93.
Article Newtonianisme. English translation by Terry Stancliffe.
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p. 180.
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vol. 2, p. 403.
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vol. 1, p. 16.
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vol. 1, p. 17.
- 98.
p. 66.
- 99.
Part. II, pp. 5–6.
- 100.
Supplement, tome 4, pp. 46–148.
- 101.
p. 32.
- 102.
Supplement, tome 4, p. 53. Notice that Buffon measured here probability differently from us; it may be greater than unity. In modern language Buffon would say that the probability that sun does not rise tomorrow is \(1:2^{2189999}\), a negligible value indeed.
- 103.
Supplement, tome 4, p. 56.58.
- 104.
vol. 1, p. 57; p. 175.
- 105.
vol. 1, p. 58; p. 176.
- 106.
vol. 1, p. 62.
- 107.
vol. 1, p. 60.
- 108.
vol. 1, Premier discours. De la manière d’tudier & de traiter l’Histoire naturelle, pp. 60–61. Translation in [78].
- 109.
p. 38.
- 110.
vol. 13, p. XIII.
- 111.
vol. 10, p. 27.
- 112.
vol. 10, pp. 30–31.
- 113.
p. 331.
- 114.
p. 102–103.
- 115.
pp. 605–624.
- 116.
p. 1.
- 117.
p. 85.
- 118.
pp. 5–6.
- 119.
p. 165. Quoted from Newton’s Query 31.
- 120.
Query 31. p. 372.
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p. 316.
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p. 315.
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p. 212, 209.
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p. 112.
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p. 37.
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p. 489.
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p. 511.
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p. 224.
- 129.
pp. 22, 178.
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vol. 1, p. 206.
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vol. 1, p. 298.
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vol. 1, pp. 357–364.
- 133.
pp. 65–70.
- 134.
Article Physique.
- 135.
vol. 1, pp. 48–53.
- 136.
pp. 55–56.
- 137.
Part I, pp. 73–74.
- 138.
vol. 2, p. 94.
- 139.
vol. 1, p. 148.
- 140.
p. 63.
- 141.
Although the title page gives the date as 1720, the book had in fact already appeared in 1719; even the English translation of Desaguliers had appeared in December of that year [108], footnote 17.
- 142.
p. X.
- 143.
p. XI
- 144.
pp. 197–208.
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vol. 1, p. 124.
- 146.
Tome II, pp. 128–131.
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pp. 65–66.
- 148.
p. 66.
- 149.
p. 64.
- 150.
p. 66.
- 151.
pp. 83–84.
- 152.
pp. 16–28.
- 153.
The least squares method is referred to in a very clear way in a short appendix with the title: Sur la méthode de moindres quarrées, pp. 72–25.
- 154.
vol. 3, pp. 193–195.
- 155.
p. 273.
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Capecchi, D. (2021). The Birth of Physics as an Academic Discipline. In: Epistemology and Natural Philosophy in the 18th Century. History of Mechanism and Machine Science, vol 39. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52852-2_2
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