Abstract
This chapter presents a comparative analysis and synthesis of all the relevant evidence of watercraft in the Arabian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. Historical, archaeological, iconographic and ethnographic data are examined with the aim to provide a picture of the maritime technology in the region that stretches from the Neolithic to recent times, over a period of 7500 years. The study of this evidence reveals the variety of types of watercraft, the traits of their development and the ingenuity of the boatbuilders of this region, but also highlights the continuity with the past, indicated by the persistence of boatbuilding features and methodologies over a vast span of time. Lastly, the chapter describes the different types of traditional vessels that sailed in the Arabian Gulf and Sea of Oman until recent times.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agius DA (1998) ‘Maqrizi’s evidence for the Gurab: the galley of the Mamluks’, Law, Christianity and Modernism in Islamic Society. In: Vermeulen, Reeth V (eds). Uitgeverij, Leuven, pp 185–197
Agius DA (2002) In the wake of the dhow. Garnet Publishing, London
Agius DA (2007) Classic ships of Islam. Leiden, Brill
Amiet P (1961) La glyptique mesopotamienne archaique. Editions du CNRS, Paris
Bass GF (1972) A history of seafaring: based on underwater archaeology. Walker and Company, New York
Beech M, Glover E (2005) The environment and economy of an Ubaid-related settlement on Dalma Island, United Arab Emirates. Palèorient 31:97–107
Beech M, Elders J, Shepherd E (2000) Reconsidering the ‘Ubaid of the Southern Gulf’: new results from excavations on Dalma Islands, U.A.E. Proc Semin Arab Stud 30:41–47
Belfioretti L, Vosmer T (2010) Al-Balīd ship timbers: preliminary overview and comparisons. Proc Semin Arab Stud 40:111–118
Biagi P (2007) The Shell-middens of the Arabian Sea and Persian gulf: maritime connections in the seventh millennium BP? J Arab World 14(14):1–10
Biagi P, Nisbet R (1989) Some aspects of the 1982-1985. Excavations at the Aceramic coastal settlement of RH5 at Qurum. Oman studies. Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e L’Oriente, Rome, pp 31–46
Biagi P, Torke W, Tosi M, Uerpmann HP (1984) Qurum: a case study of coastal archaeology in northern Oman. World Archaeol 16(1):43–61
Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica (2017) Homem, Lopo. Cartographe présumé. [Atlas nautique du Monde, dit atlas Miller]; 2–5. [Atlas Miller: feuilles 2 à 5]. feuille 3. Retrieved from https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55002605w?rk=64378;0#
Blue L (2002) Myos Hormos/Quseir al-Qadïm. A Roman and Islamic port on the Red Sea coast of Egypt – a maritime perspective. Proc Semin Arab Stud 32:139–150
Blue LK (2006) Sewn boat timbers from the medieval Islamic port of Quseir al-Qadim on the Red Sea coast of Egypt. In: Blue LK, Hocker F, Englert A (eds) Connected by the sea: Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Denmark 2003. Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp 277–283
Bowen RL (1956) Boats of the Indus civilization. The Mariner’s Mirror 42(4):279–290
Broadhurst RJC (1952) Translator. The travels of Ibn Jubayr (1183–1185 AC). Jonathan Cape, London
Bruce J (1813) Travels to discover the source of the Nile, 3rd edn. Edinburgh, Alexander Murray
Carter R (2002) Ubaid-period boat remains from as-Sabiyah: excavations by the British Archaeological Expedition to Kuwait. Proc Semin Arab Stud 32:13–30
Carter R (2006) Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC. Antiquity 80(307):52–63
Carter R (2008) Excavation and Ubaid-period boat remains at H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait). In: Olijdam E, Spoor RH (eds) Intercultural relations between South and Southwest Arabia. Studies in Commemoration of E.C.L. During Caspers (1934–1996). British Archaeological Reports International Series 1826. Society for Arabian Studies Monographs no. 7. Archaeopress, Oxford, pp 1–13
Carter R (2012) Watercraft. In: Potts DT (ed) A companion to the archaeology of ancient near east. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, pp 347–372
Casson L (1971) Ships and seamanship in the ancient world. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Chittick N (1980) Sewn boats in the western Indian Ocean, and a survival in Somalia. Int J Naut Archaeol 9(4):297–310
Cleuziou S (2003) Early bronze age trade in the Gulf and the Arabian Sea: the society behind the boats. In: Potts DT, Al Naboodah H, Hellyer P (eds) Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of the U.A.E. Trident Press, London, pp 134–148
Cleuziou S, Mery S (2002) In between the great powers. The Bronze Age Oman Peninsula. In: Cleuziou S, Tosi M, Zarins J (eds) Essays on the late prehistory of the Arabian Peninsula. Rome, Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e L’Oriente, pp 273–316
Cleuziou S, Tosi M (1994) Black boats of Magan: some thoughts on Bronze Age water transport in Oman and beyond from the impressed bitumen slabs of Ra’s al-Junayz. In: Parpola A, Koskikallio P (eds) South Asian Archaeology, vol II, p 745–761
Cleuziou S, Tosi M (2000) Ra“s al-**z and the prehistoric coastal cultures of the Ja”alan. J Oman Stud 11:19–73
Connan J, Crawford H, Tobey M, Charriè-Duhaut A, Jarvie D, Albrecht P, Norman K, Carter R (2005) A comparative geochemical study of bituminous boat remains from H3, as-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ra’s al-**z (Oman). Arab Archaeol Epigr 16(1):47
Correa G (1869) The three voyages of Vasco Da Gama, and his viceroyalty, Gaspar Correa. Hakluyt Society, London. Translated from the Portuguese with notes and an introduction by Henry E.J. Stanley
Deloche J (1996) Iconographic evidence on the development of boat and ship structures in India (2nd C. B.C. – 15th C. A.D.). A new approach. In: Ray HP, Salles J-F (eds) Tradition and archaeology: early maritime contacts in the Indian Ocean. New Delhi, Manhoar, pp 199–224
Doe B (1992) Socotra: island of tranquillity. Immel Publishing, London
Donaldson W (1979) Fishing and fish marketing in northern Oman: a case study of artisanal fishing development. Ph.D. Thesis, Durham University, Durham
Edye J (1834) Description of the various classes of vessels constructed and employed by the natives of the Coasts of Coromandel, Malabar and the Island of Ceylon, for the coasting navigation. J R Anthropol Inst G B Irel 1(1):1–14
Flecker M (2000) A 9th-century Arab or Indian ship in Indonesian waters. Int J Naut Archaeol 29(2):199–217
Flecker M (2001) A ninth-century AD Arab or Indian shipwreck in Indonesia: first evidence of direct trade with China. World Archaeol 32(3):335–354
Flecker M (2008) A ninth-century Arab or Indian shipwreck in Indonesian waters: addendum. Int J Naut Archaeol 37(2):385–386
Garlake PS, Garlake M (1964) Early ship engravings of the east African coast. Tanganyika Notes and Records 63:197–206
Gelb IJ (1982) Measures of dry and liquid capacity. J Am Orient Soc 102(4):585–590
Gibb HAR (1994) The travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354, vol 4. Hakluyt Society, London
Goetze A (1948) Umma texts concerning reed Mats. J Cuneif Stud 2(3):165–202
Gomi T (1993) A note of gur, a capacity unit of the Ur III period. Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie 83:31–41
Gorakshkar S, Desai K (1989) The maritime heritage of India. Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Naval Command, Bombay
Green J (1745) A new general collection of voyages and travels, vol 1. Thomas Astley, London
Hawkins CW (1977) The Dhow: an illustrated history of the Dhow and its world. Nautical Publishing Co. Ltd, Lyminton
Hornell J (1926) Edye’s account of Indian and Ceylon vessels in 1833. Mariner’s Mirror 12(1):45–68
Hornell J (1941) The sea-going Mtepe and Dáu of the Lamu archipelago. The Mariner’s Mirror 27(1):54–68
Hornell J (1970) Water transport: origins and early evolution. David & Charles, Newton Abbot
Hourani GF (1963) Arab seafaring in the Indian Ocean in ancient and early medieval times. Khayats, Beirut
Hourani GF (1995) Arab seafaring in the Indian Ocean in ancient and early medieval times. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.03183.0001.001
Howarth D (1977) Dhows. Quartet Books, London
Jewell JHA (1976) Dhows at Mombasa. East Africa Publishing House, Nairobi
Johnstone P (1980) The sea-craft of prehistory. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London
Kenderdine S, Vosmer T (1994) Maritime graffiti in Oman. Bull Aust Inst Maritime Archaeol 18(2):33–45
Kentley E (1985) Some aspects of the Masula surf boat. In: McGrail S, Kentley E (eds) Sewn plank boats: archaeological and ethnographic papers based on those presented to a conference at Greenwich in November, 1984. BAR Series 276, Oxford, pp 303–318
Kentley E (2003) The masula – a sewn plank surf boat of the India’s Eastern Coast. In: McGrail S (ed) Boats of South Asia. RoutledgeCurzon, New York, pp 120–166
Kjaerum F (1983) The stamp and cylinder seals. Failaka/Dilmun, The second millennium settlements. 1:1. Aarhus University Press, Aarhus
Lorimer JG (1915) Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman, and Central Arabia, Calcutta. Superintendent Government Printing, India
Mery S (1995) Archaeology of the Borderlands: 4th Millennium BC Mesopotamian Pottery at Ra’s al-Hamra RH-5. Istituto Universitario Orientale – Annali 55(2):17
Mery S, Charpentier V, Beech M (2008) First evidence of shell fish-hook technology in the Gulf. Arab Archaeol Epigr 19:15–21
Miles SB (1919) The countries and tribes of the Persian Gulf. Harrison, London
Ministry of Information and Culture (1979) Oman a seafaring nation. Ministry of Information and Culture, Muscat
Mott LV (1997) The development of the rudder. A technological tale. Chatam Publishing, London
Nicolle D (1989) Ship** in Islamic art: seventh through sixteenth century AD. American Neptune 49(3):168–197
Oates J, Davidson TE, Kamilli D, McKerrell H (1977) Seafaring merchants of Ur? Antiquity 51:221–234
Ochsenschalger EL (2004) Iraq’s marsh Arabs in the garden of Eden. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
Oppenheim AL (1954) The seafaring merchants of Ur. J Am Orient Soc 74:6–17
Pâris E (1843) Essai sur la Construction Navale des Peuples Extra – europeén. Arthus Bertrand, Paris
Peacock D, Blue L, Whitewright J (eds) (2011) Myos Hormos – Quseir al-Qadim, Roman and Islamic ports on the Red Sea, vol 2: Finds from the excavations 1999-2003. BAR international series 2286. British Archaeological Reports Oxford Ltd, Oxford
Pedersen RK (2004) Traditional Arabian watercraft and the ark of the Gilgamesh epic: interpretations and realizations. Proc Semin Arabian Stud 34:231–238
Potts DT (1995) Watercraft of the lower sea. In: Finkbeiner U, Hauptmann H (eds) Beiträge zur Kulturgeshichte Vorderasiens: Festschrift für Rainer Michael Boehmer. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, pp 559–569
Potts DT (1997) Mesopotamian civilization. The material foundations. The Athlone Press, London
Prins AHJ (1982) The mtepe of Lamu, Mombasa and the Zanzibar Sea. Paideuma 28:87–100
Rieth E (2012) Voilers et Piroges du Monde. Editions du Layeur, Paris
Sidebotham SE (1996) The ship Graffito. In: Sidebotham S, Wendrich WZ (eds) Berenike 1995, Preliminary report of the 1995 excavations at Berenike (Egyptian Red Sea coast) and the survey of the Eastern Desert. Research School of African, Asian and Ameridian Studies, Leiden
The First Regional Office of Fine Arts (2016) Study of the Phanom-Surin Shipwreck. Fine Arts Department, Thailand, Ratchaburi
Thesiger W (1954) The Marshmen of southern Iraq. Geogr J 120(3):272–281
Thesiger W (1964) The marsh Arabs. Longmans, London
Tomalin V, Selvakumar V, Nair MV (2004) The Thaikkal-Kadakkarappally Boat: an archaeological example of medieval shipbuilding in the Western Indian Ocean. Int J Naut Archaeol 33(2):253–263
Vosmer T (1992) A survey of traditional vessels of the Sultanate of Oman. Report no. 69 Western Australian Maritme museum. Western Australian Museum, Fremantle
Vosmer T (1996) Watercraft and navigation in the Indian Ocean: an evolutionary perspective. In: The prehistory of Asia and Pacific. Colloquium XXXII: Trade as a subsistence strategy. Post Pleistocene Adaptations in Arabia and Early Maritime Trade in the Indian Ocean. XIII International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Science. ABACO, Forlì, pp 223–243
Vosmer T (1997) Indigenous fishing craft of Oman. Int J Naut Archaeol 26(3):217–235
Vosmer T (2000a) Model of a third millennium BC reed boat based on evidence from Ra’s al-**z. J Oman Stud 11:149–153
Vosmer T (2000b) Ships in the ancient Arabian Sea: the development of a hypothetical reed boat model. Proc Semin Arab Stud 30:235–242
Vosmer T (2001a) Building the reed prototype: problems, solutions and implications for the organization and structure of the third-millennium shipbuilding. Proc Semin Arab Stud 31:235–239
Vosmer T (2001b) The reconstruction of the Magan boat. Prehistoria 1
Vosmer T (2003a) The Magan boat project: a process of discovery, a discovery of process. Proc Semin Arab Stud 33:49–58
Vosmer T (2003b) The naval architecture of Early Bronze Age Reed-built boats of the Arabian Sea. In: Potts DT, Al Naboodah H, Hellyer P (eds) Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of the U.A.E. Trident Press, London, pp 152–157
Vosmer T (2007) The development of maritime technology in the Arabian Gulf and Western Indian Ocean, with special reference to Oman. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Curtin University of Technology
Vosmer T (2008) Ship** in the Bronze Age: how Largewas a 60-gur ship. In: Olijdam E, Spoor RH (eds) Intercultural relations between South and Southwest Asia, pp 230–235
Weismann N (2002) A type of ship on the Indian Ocean in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Mariner’s Mirror 88(2):132–143
Weismann N (2005) Die kleine Baggarah im Dubai. Museum, Das Logbuch 41(2):65–68
Weismann N (2012) Depiction of Indo-Arabic ships on an Eighteenth-Century Sea chart. The Mariner’s Mirror 98(4):421–435
Weismann N, Dziamski P, Vosmer T, Staples E, Ghidoni A, Haar L (2014) The Battīl and Zārūqah of Musandam, Oman. Int J Naut Archaeol 43(2):1–23
Yule H (1871) The book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian. John Murray, Alebmarle Street, London
Zarins J (2008) Magan shipbuilders at the Ur III Lagash State Dockyards (2062–2025 B.C.). In: Olijdam E, Spoor RH (eds) Intercultural relations between South and Southwest Arabia. Studies in Commemoration of E.C.L. During Caspers (1934–1996). British Archaeological Reports International Series 1826. Society for Arabian Studies Monographs no. 7. Archaeopress, Oxford, pp 209–229
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ghidoni, A., Vosmer, T. (2021). Boats and Ships of the Arabian Gulf and the Sea of Oman Within an Archaeological, Historical and Ethnographic Context. In: Jawad, L.A. (eds) The Arabian Seas: Biodiversity, Environmental Challenges and Conservation Measures. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51506-5_43
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51506-5_43
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-51505-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-51506-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)