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Xanthan Gum for Regenerative Medicine

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Polysaccharides of Microbial Origin

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Abstract

Xanthan gum, a branched polysaccharide produced by Xanthomonas bacteria, is traditionally used as an additive in several industrial applications, from food to cosmetics and petroleum, due to its rheological behavior and stability in a wide range of temperature, pH, and ionic strength. These characteristics, along with properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability, also make this polysaccharide a very attractive material for biomedical applications, including drug delivery and regenerative medicine. The great potential of xanthan gum in tissue engineering and cell therapy fields has been evidenced in the recent years through many studies that show its ability to modulate the release profile of bioactive agents, such as drugs, growth factors, antibacterial agents and cells, and also to tune physicochemical and mechanical properties of biomaterials able to support cell growth. In this chapter, an overview of the microbial polysaccharide production is provided, from the fermentation process to polymer recovery and purification. The structure and conformation of xanthan gum molecule in different conditions is described, as well as its main functional properties, such as viscoelasticity, pH-dependent polyanionic behavior, and gelation capacity. Moreover, methods of functionalization and modification of xanthan gum structure are discussed, including physical, chemical, and chemo-enzymatic treatments to improve polymer processing and properties, such as mechanical performance and bioactivity. Furthermore, examples of the use of xanthan gum-based biomaterials for several targeted applications in soft or hard tissue repair are provided. Finally, current trends are identified and directions on future developments are presented.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq, Brazil – Grant #307829/2018-9), and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Educational Personnel (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES, Brazil – Finance Code 001).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

    Renata Francielle Bombaldi de Souza, Cecília Buzatto Westin, Rafael Maza Barbosa & Ângela Maria Moraes

  2. R-Crio Cryogenics S.A., Campinas, Brazil

    Fernanda Carla Bombaldi de Souza & Rafael Maza Barbosa

Authors
  1. Renata Francielle Bombaldi de Souza
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  2. Fernanda Carla Bombaldi de Souza
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  3. Cecília Buzatto Westin
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  4. Rafael Maza Barbosa
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  5. Ângela Maria Moraes
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ângela Maria Moraes .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal

    Joaquim Miguel Oliveira

  2. 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal

    Hajer Radhouani

  3. 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal

    Rui L. Reis

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Bombaldi de Souza, R.F., Bombaldi de Souza, F.C., Westin, C.B., Barbosa, R.M., Moraes, Â.M. (2022). Xanthan Gum for Regenerative Medicine. In: Oliveira, J.M., Radhouani, H., Reis, R.L. (eds) Polysaccharides of Microbial Origin. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42215-8_59

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