Introduction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
How to Stop School Rampage Killing
  • 224 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter provides background information about the eleven cases of averted school rampage investigated in this study and describes the key motivating research questions. The phenomenon of school rampage is introduced and the literature on the causes and reactions to prior incidents of school violence (and the field of violence risk assessment in particular) is examined. This chapter also situates the American reaction to school rampage in the broader social context of contemporary school disciplinary and security practices and provides theoretical background for explaining recent developments though insights from the sociology of risk, actuarial justice, and neoliberal penality.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

eBook
USD 24.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 32.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Addington, L. (2013). Surveillance and security approaches across public school levels. In G. W. Muschert, S. Henry, N. L. Bracy, & A. A. Peguero (Eds.), Responding to school violence: Confronting the Columbine effect (pp. 71–88). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agnich, L. E. (2015). A comparative analysis of attempted and completed school-based mass murder attacks. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(1), 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aitken, S. C. (2001). Schoolyard shootings: Racism, sexism and moral panics over teen violence. Antipode, 33(4), 594–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altheide, D. L. (2009). The Columbine shootings and the discourse of fear. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(10), 1354–1370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Bar Association. (2001). Zero tolerance policy report. Retrieved September 25, 2012, from www.abanet.org/crimjust/juvjus/zerotolreport.html.

  • American Psychological Association. (1999). Warning signs: A violence prevention guide for youth. Retrieved September 30, 2010, from http://hel**.apa.org/warningsigns/index.html.

  • American Psychological Association Zero Tolerance Task Force. (2008). Are zero tolerance policies effective in the schools?: An evidentiary review and recommendations. American Psychologist, 63(9), 852–862.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrade, J. T. (Ed.). (2009). Handbook of violence risk assessment and treatment: New approaches for mental health professionals. New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrade, J. T., O’Neill, K., & Diener, R. B. (2009). Violence risk assessment and risk management: A historical overview and clinical application. In J. T. Andrade (Ed.), Handbook of violence risk assessment and treatment: New approaches for mental health professionals (pp. 3–40). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arluke, A., Lankford, A., & Madfis, E. (2018). Harming animals and massacring humans: Characteristics of active and mass shooters who abused animals. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 36(6), 739–751.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arluke, A., & Madfis, E. (2014). Animal abuse as a warning sign of school massacres: A critique and refinement. Homicide Studies, 18(1), 7–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, E. (2004). How the Columbine high school tragedy could have been prevented. Journal of Individual Psychology, 60, 355–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, W., Ayers, R., & Dohrn, B. (2001). Zero tolerance: Resisting the drive for punishment in our schools. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Band, S. R., & Harpold, J. A. (1999). School violence: Lessons learned. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 68, 9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (1992). The risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, E. (2011). Criminal justice and neoliberalism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Best, J. (2002). Monster hype. Education Next, 2, 51–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair, J. P., & Schweit, K. W. (2014). A study of active shooter incidents, 2000–2013. Washington, DC: Texas State University and Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borum, R. (2000). Assessing violence risk among youth. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 1263–1288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borum, R., Cornell, D., Modzeleski, W., & Jimerson, S. (2010). What can be done about school shootings?: A review of the evidence. Educational Researcher, 39(1), 27–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brady, K. P., Balmer, S., & Phenix, D. (2007). School-police partnership effectiveness in urban schools. Education and Urban Society, 39, 455–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brint, S. (1998). Schools and societies. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, A., Garbarino, C., & Carlson, M. (2006). Pathological teasing and bullying turned deadly: Shooters and suicide. Victims & Offenders, 1, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, R., & Crawford, C. (1999). School shootings, the media, and public fear: Ingredients for a moral panic. Crime, Law & Social Change, 32, 147–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canter, D., & Youngs, D. (2009). Investigative psychology: Offender profiling and the analysis of criminal action. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casella, R. (2003). The false allure of security technologies. Social Justice, 30(3), 82–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casella, R. (2006). Selling us the fortress: The promotion of techno-security equipment for schools. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. (2011). Folk devils and moral panics: The creation of the mods and rockers. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, D. G. (2003). Guidelines for responding to student threats of violence. Journal of Educational Administration, 41, 705–719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, D. G. (2006). School violence: Fear versus facts. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, D. G. (2013). The Virginia student threat assessment guidelines: An empirically supported violence prevention strategy. In N. Böckler, W. Heitmeyer, P. Sitzer, & T. Seeger (Eds.), School shootings: International research, case studies, and concepts for prevention (pp. 379–400). New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, D. G., & Sheras, P. L. (2006). Guidelines for responding to student threats of violence. Longmont, CO: Sopris West.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, D. G., Sheras, P. L., Kaplan, S., McConville, D., Douglass, J., Elkon, A., … Cole, J. (2004). Guidelines for student threat assessment: Field-test findings. School Psychology Review, 33(4), 527–546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curran, C. F. (2017). The law, policy, and portrayal of zero tolerance school discipline: Examining prevalence and characteristics across levels of governance and school districts. Educational Policy, 33(2), 319–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, J. A. (2019). A preliminary report on the Police Foundations averted school violence database. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, J. A., & Bradley, M. C. (2011). Preventing lethal school violence. New York, NY: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, J. A., Buck, I., Croxall, S., Gruber, J., Kime, P., & Govert, H. (2007). A content analysis of news reports of averted school rampages. Journal of School Violence, 6, 83–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, J. A., Volungis, A., Pshenishny, E., Gandhi, P., Winkler, A., Cramer, D., & Bradley, M. C. (2010). A qualitative investigation of averted school shooting rampages. The Counseling Psychologist, 38(1), 69–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deisinger, G., Randazzo, M., O’Neill, D., & Savage, J. (2008). The handbook for campus threat assessment and management teams. Stoneham, MA: Applied Risk Management LLC.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVos, B., Nielsen, K., Azar, A., & Whitaker, M. (2018). Final report of the Federal Commission on School Safety. US Department of Education. Retrieved June 12, 2019, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED590823.pdf.

  • Dinkes, R., Kemp, J., Baum, K., & Snyder, T. D. (2009). Indicators of school crime and safety: 2009 (NCES 2010–012/NCJ 228478). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, J. E., Ressler, R. K., Burgess, A. W., & Hartman, C. R. (1986). Criminal profiling from crime scene analysis. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 4, 401–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, K. P., Osher, D., & Warger, C. (1998). Early warning, timely response: A guide to safe schools. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Everytown for Gun Safety. (2014, December 9). Analysis of school shootings. Retrieved April 26, 2016, from http://everytownresearch.org/reports/analysis-of-school-shootings/.

  • Farr, K. (2019). Trouble with the other: The role of romantic rejection in rampage school shootings by adolescent males. Violence and Gender, 6(3), 147–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feeley, M., & Simon, J. (1992). The new penology: Notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications. Criminology, 30(4), 449–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feeley, M., & Simon, J. (1994). Actuarial justice: The emerging new criminal law. In D. Nelken (Ed.), The futures of criminology (pp. 173–201). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fein, R. A., Vossekuil, B., & Holden, G. (1995). Threat assessment: An approach to prevent targeted violence. In National Institute of Justice: Research in Action (pp. 1–7). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fein, R. A., Vossekuil, B., Pollack, W., Borum, R., Modzeleski, W., & Reddy, M. (2002). Threat assessment in schools: A guide to managing threatening situations and to creating safe school climates. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program and U.S. Secret Service, National Threat Assessment Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felson, M. (1994). Crime and everyday life: Insight and implications for society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Follman, M., Aronsen, G., & Pan, D. (2019). A guide to mass shootings in America. Mother Jones. Retrieved May 19, 2019, from https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/.

  • Foucault, M. (2009). Security, territory, population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977—1978. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J. A., & Burstein, H. (2010). Violence and security on campus: From preschool through college. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J. A., & DeLateur, M. J. (2014). Mass shootings in America: Moving beyond Newtown. Homicide Studies, 18(1), 125–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J. A., Levin, J., & Fridel, E. E. (2018). Extreme killing: Understanding serial and mass murder. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J. A., Levin, J., & Quinet, K. (2019). The will to kill (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J. A., & Savage, J. (2009). Mass murder goes to college: An examination of changes on college campuses following Virginia Tech. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(10), 1286–1308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garland, D. (2001). The culture of control: Crime and social order in contemporary society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1999). Risk and responsibility. The Modern Law Review, 62(1), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glassner, B. (2010). The culture of fear: Why Americans are afraid of the wrong things (10th anniversary ed.). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldson, B. (2002). New punitiveness: The politics of child incarceration. In J. Muncie, G. Hughes, & E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth justice: Critical readings (pp. 386–400). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grisso, T. (2009). Foreword. In J. T. Andrade (Ed.), Handbook of violence risk assessment and treatment: New approaches for mental health professionals (pp. xv–xvii). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grubin, D., & Wingate, S. (1996). Sexual offence recidivism: Prediction versus understanding. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 6, 349–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haider-Markel, D. P., & Joslyn, M. R. (2001). Gun policy, opinion, tragedy, and blame attribution: The conditional influence of issue frames. Journal of Politics, 63, 520–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harcourt, B. (2007). Against prediction: Profiling, policing, and punishing in an actuarial age. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harcourt, B. (2010). Neoliberal penality: A brief genealogy. Theoretical Criminology, 14(1), 74–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, D., Fox, C., & Mehta, J. D. (2002). Studying rare events through qualitative case studies: Lessons from a study of rampage school shootings. Sociological Methods and Research, 31(2), 174–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, S. (2009). School violence beyond Columbine: A complex problem in need of an interdisciplinary analysis. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(9), 1246–1265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschfield, P. J. (2008). Preparing for prison? The criminalization of school discipline in the USA. Theoretical Criminology, 12(1), 79–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschfield, P. J. (2010). School surveillance in America: Disparate and unequal. In T. Monahan & R. D. Torress (Eds.), Schools under surveillance: Cultures of control in public education (pp. 38–54). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschfield, P. J. (2018). Trends in school social control in the United States: Explaining patterns of decriminalization. In J. Deakin, E. Taylor, & A. Kupchik (Eds.), The Palgrave international handbook of school discipline, surveillance, and social control (pp. 43–64). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschfield, P. J., & Celinska, K. (2011). Beyond fear: Sociological perspectives on the criminalization of school discipline. Sociology Compass, 5(1), 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Homant, R. J., & Kennedy, D. B. (1998). Psychological Aspects of crime scene profiling: Validity research. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 25, 319–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, J. S., Hyunkag, C., Allen-Meares, P., & Espelage, D. L. (2011). The social ecology of the Columbine high school shootings. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 861–868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Association of Chiefs of Police. (1999). Guidelines for preventing and responding to school violence. VA: Alexandria.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, S. D. (2009, April 13). Columbine shootings 10 years later: Students, teacher still haunted by post-traumatic stress. ABC News. Retrieved May 23, 2019, from https://web.archive.org/web/20130427102132/http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=7300782&page=1.

  • Jenkins, M. (2019, February 20). All California public schools may need to have school resource officers. Retrieved June 12, 2019, from https://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2019/02/20/california-school-resource-officers/.

  • Jimerson, S. R., Brock, S. E., & Cowan, K. (2005). Threat assessment: An essential component of a comprehensive safe school program. Principal Leadership, 6(2), 11–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, E. S. (2019). Contemporary society and the phenomenon of school rampage shootings in the United States: A theoretical approach to understanding. In R. Papa (Ed.), School violence in international contexts (pp. 133–146). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Karp, D. R., & Breslin, B. (2001). Restorative justice in school communities. Youth & Society, 33(2), 249–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keppel, R. D. (2006). Offender profiling. Mason, OH: Thomson Custom Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiefer, H. M. (2005). Public: Society powerless to stop school shootings. Retrieved May 20, 2019, from http://www.gallup.com/poll/15511/Public-Society-Powerless-Stop-School-Shootings.aspx.

  • Killingbeck, D. (2001). The role of television news in the construction of school violence as a “moral panic”. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 8(3), 186–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimmel, M. S., & Mahler, M. (2003). Adolescent masculinity, homophobia, and violence. American Behavioral Scientist, 46, 1439–1458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, S., & Bracy, N. (2019). School security in the post-Columbine era: Trends, consequences, and future directions. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 35(3), 274–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinnally, K. (2018, April 12). Maryland safe to learn act of 2018: What you need to know. Retrieved June 12, 2019, from https://conduitstreet.mdcounties.org/2018/04/12/maryland-safe-to-learn-act-of-2018-what-you-need-to-know/.

  • Klein, J. (2012). The Bully Society: School shootings and the crisis of bullying in American schools. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kocsis, R. N. (2007). Criminal profiling: International theory, research, and practice. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kocsis, R. N., Irwin, H. J., Hayes, A. F., & Nunn, R. (2000). Expertise in psychological profiling: A comparative assessment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15(3), 311–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kupchik, A. (2010). Homeroom security: School discipline in an age of fear. New York: New York University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kupchik, A., & Monahan, T. (2006). The new American school: Preparation for post-industrial discipline. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 27(5), 617–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langman, P. (2005). Can school shootings be prevented? Healing Magazine, 10(2), 24–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langman, P. (2009a). Why kids kill: Inside the minds of school shooters. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langman, P. (2009b). Rampage school shooters: A typology. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(1), 79–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langman, P., & Straub, F. (2019). A comparison of averted and completed school attacks from the Police Foundation’s averted school violence database. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lankford, A. (2016). Fame-seeking rampage shooters: Initial findings and empirical predictions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 27(1), 122–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lankford, A., & Madfis, E. (2018). Don’t name them, don’t show them, but report everything else: A pragmatic proposal for denying mass killers the attention they seek and deterring future offenders. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(2), 260–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, R. W. (2007). Comprehending Columbine. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, R. W. (2009). The Columbine legacy: Rampage shootings as political acts. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(9), 1309–1326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, R. (2007). School crime and juvenile justice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, R. G., & Birkland, T. A. (2004). Guns, Hollywood, and school safety: Defining the school-shooting problem across the public arenas. Social Science Quarterly, 85, 1193–1207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M., Smith, L., & Phillips, S. (2003). Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 202–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J., Fox J. A., & Mazaik, J. (2005). Blurring fame and infamy: A content analysis of cover-story trends in People Magazine. Internet Journal of Criminology, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J., & Madfis, E. (2009). Mass murder at school and cumulative strain: A sequential model. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(9), 1227–1245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lickel, B., Schmader, T., & Hamilton, D. (2003). A case of collective responsibility: Who else was to blame for the Columbine high school shootings? Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 194–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lott, J. R. (2014, February 17). Bloomberg’s latest stats on school gun violence ignore reality. Retrieved May 24, 2019, from https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/bloombergs-latest-stats-on-school-gun-violence-ignore-reality.

  • Lyons, W., & Drew, J. (2006). Punishing schools: Fear and citizenship in American public education. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Madfis, E. (2014a). Averting school rampage: Student intervention amid a persistent code of silence. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 12(3), 229–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madfis, E. (2014b). Triple entitlement and homicidal anger: An exploration of the intersectional identities of American mass murderers. Men and Masculinities, 17(1), 67–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madfis, E. (2016). “It’s better to overreact”: School officials’ fear and perceived risk of rampage attacks and the criminalization of American public schools. Critical Criminology, 24(1), 39–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madfis, E. (2018). Insight from averted mass shootings. In J. Schildkraut (Ed.), Mass shootings in America: Understanding the debates, causes, and responses (pp. 79–84). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madfis, E., & Cohen, J. W. (2018). Female involvement in school rampage plots. Violence and Gender, 5(2), 81–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madfis, E., & Levin, J. (2013). School rampage in international perspective: The salience of cumulative strain theory. In N. Böckler, W. Heitmeyer, P. Sitzer, & T. Seeger (Eds.), School shootings: International research, case studies, and concepts for prevention (pp. 79–104). New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mai, R., & Alpert, J. (2000). Separation and socialization: A feminist analysis of the school shootings at Columbine. Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society, 5, 264–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martins, L. (2019, March 13). Inspired by Columbine, Brazil pair kill eight and themselves in school shooting. Retrieved June 20, 2019, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-violence-school/inspired-by-columbine-brazil-pair-kill-eight-and-themselves-in-school-shooting-idUSKBN1QU1TT.

  • McGee, J. P., & DeBernardo, C. R. (1999). The classroom avenger: A behavioral profile of school based shootings. The Forensic Examiner, 8, 16–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meloy, J. R. (2015). Threat assessment: Scholars, operators, our past, our future. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 2(3–4), 231–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meloy, J. R., Hempel, A. G., Mohandie, K., Shiva, A. A., & Gray, B. T. (2001). Offender and offense characteristics of a nonrandom sample of adolescent mass murders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(6), 719–728.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, L. H., & Evans, I. M. (2012). The teacher’s guide to restorative classroom discipline. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Monahan, T., & Torres, R. D. (Eds.). (2010). Schools under surveillance: Cultures of control in public education. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, M. W. (2016). Pushout: The criminalization of Black girls in schools. New York, NY: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mossman, D. (1994). Assessing predictions of violence: Being accurate about accuracy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 783–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullen, P. E. (2004). The autogenic (self-generated) massacre. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22, 311–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muncie, J. (2008). The “punitive turn” in juvenile justice: Cultures of control and rights compliance in Western Europe and the USA. Youth Justice, 8(2), 107–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muschert, G. W. (2007). Research in school shootings. Sociology Compass, 1(1), 60–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muschert, G. W., Henry, S., Bracy, N. L., & Peguero, A. A. (Eds.). (2013). Responding to school violence: Confronting the Columbine effect. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muschert, G. W., & Madfis, E. (2013). Fear of school violence in the post-Columbine era. In G. W. Muschert, S. Henry, N. L. Bracy, & A. A. Peguero (Eds.), Responding to school violence: Confronting the Columbine effect (pp. 13–34). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muschert, G. W., & Peguero, A. A. (2010). The Columbine effect and school anti-violence policy. Research in Social Problems and Public Policy, 17, 117–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Association of School Resource Officers. (n.d.). Frequently asked questions. Retrieved June 12, 2019, from https://nasro.org/frequentlyasked-questions/.

  • National Center for School Safety. (2006). Serious violent crimes in schools. Youth Violence Project.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, K. S., Fox, C., Roth, W., Mehta, J., & Harding, D. (2004). Rampage: The social roots of school shooters. New York: Perseus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolan, K. (2011). Police in the hallways: Discipline in an urban school. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley, P. (2008). Neoliberalism and risk in criminology. In T. Anthony & C. Cunneen (Eds.), The critical criminology companion (pp. 55–67). Sydney, Australia: Federation Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Toole, M. E. (2000). The school shooter: A threat assessment perspective. Critical Incident Response Group, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, FBI Academy, Quantico, VA. Retrieved July 3, 2019, from https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/stats-services-publications-school-shooter-school-shooter.

  • Otto, R. K. (2000). Assessing and managing violence risk in outpatient settings. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 1239–1262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palermo, G. B., & Kocsis, R. N. (2005). Offender profiling: An introduction to the sociopsychological analysis of violent crime. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petherick, W. (2006). Serial crime: Theoretical and practical issues in behavioral profiling. Burlington, MA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinizzotto, A., & Finkel, N. J. (1990). Criminal personality profiling: An outcome and process study. Law & Human Behavior, 14, 215–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, W. S., Modzeleski, W., & Rooney, G. (2008). Prior knowledge of potential school-based violence: Information students learn may prevent a targeted attack. Washington, DC: United States Secret Service and United States Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, J., Brown, D., Brown, M., Hallsworth, S., & Morrison, W. (2005). The new punitiveness: Trends, theories, perspectives. Portland: Willan Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Public Agenda. (2004). Teaching interrupted: Do discipline policies in today’s public schools foster the common good? New York: Public Agenda. Retrieved June 12, 2019, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED485312.pdf.

  • Rafa, A. (2019). The status of school discipline in state policy. Education Commission of the States. Retrieved May 22, 2019, from https://www.ecs.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Status-of-School-Discipline-in-State-Policy.pdf.

  • Randazzo, M. R., Borum, R., Vossekuil, B., Fein, R., Modzeleski, W., & Pollack, W. (2006). Threat assessment in schools: Empirical support and comparison with other approaches. In S. R. Jimerson & M. J. Furlong (Eds.), The handbook of school violence and school safety: From research to practice (pp. 147–156). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence J. Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, N., & Barrett, J. G. (2009). Under the gun: Threat assessment in schools. American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, 11(2), 149–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, M., Borum, R., Berglund, J., Vossekuil, B., Fein, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2001). Evaluating risk for targeted violence in schools: Comparing risk assessment, threat assessment, and other approaches. Psychology in the Schools, 38(2), 157–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rigakos, G. S., & Hadden, R. W. (2001). Crime, capitalism and the “risk society”: Towards the same olde modernity? Theoretical Criminology, 5(1), 61–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruddy, S. A., Neiman, S., Hryczaniuk, C., Thomas, T. L., Parmer, R. J., & Hill, M. R. (2010). 2007–08 School Survey on Crime and Safety (SSOCS): Survey documentation for public-use data file users. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved April 13, 2019, from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2010/2010307.pdf.

  • Sachsman, S. (1997, September 8). Prof stalkers beware: MOSAIC is here. Yale Daily News.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiff, M. (2013). Dignity, disparity, and desistance: Effective restorative justice strategies to plus the school-to-prison pipeline. In Center for Civil Rights Remedies National Conference. Closing the School to Research Gap: Research to Remedies Conference. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, E., & Kowalski, J. (1991). Malignant memories: Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adults following a school shooting. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 937–944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewell, K. W., & Mendelsohn, M. (2000). Profiling potentially violent youth: Statistical and conceptual problems. Children’s Services: Social Policy, Research, and Practice, 3(3), 147–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, J. (2006). Governing through crime: How the war on crime transformed American democracy and created a culture of fear. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skiba, R. (2000). Zero tolerance, zero evidence: An analysis of school disciplinary practice. Policy Research Report. Indiana Education Policy Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skiba, R., & Peterson, R. L. (1999). The dark side of zero tolerance: Can punishment lead to safe schools? Phi Delta Kappan, 80(5), 372–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiker, C. S. (1998). Forward: The limits of the preventive state. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 88(3), 771–808.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strong, K., & Cornell, D. (2008). Student threat assessment in Memphis City schools: A descriptive report. Behavioral Disorders, 34, 42–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Student Suspended After Finger Gun Incident. (2010, April 18). Abclocal.go.com. Retrieved October 3, 2010, from http://abclocal.go.com/ktrk/story?section=news/local&id=7392273.

  • Sumner, M. D., Silverman, C. J., & Frampton, M. L. (2010). School-based restorative justice as an alternative to zero-tolerance policies: Lessons from West Oakland. Henderson Center for Social Justice, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thurau, L. H., & Wald, J. (2010). Controlling partners: When law enforcement meets discipline in public schools. New York Law School Law Review, 54, 977–1020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Times Wire Reports. (2001, February 1). Child suspended for brandishing chicken. Retrieved June 20, 2019, from http://articles.latimes.com/2001/feb/01/news/mn-19819.

  • Turvey, B. E. (2008). Criminal profiling: An introduction to behavioral evidence analysis (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twemlow, S. W., Fonagy, P., Sacco, F. C., O’Toole, M. E., & Vernberg, E. (2002). premeditated mass shootings in schools: Threat assessment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(4), 475–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urbina, I. (2009, October 11). It’s a fork, it’s a spoon, it’s a…weapon. New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2019, from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/12/education/12discipline.html?_r=2.

  • Van Ness, D. W., & Strong, K. H. (2010). Restoring justice: An introduction to restorative justice. New Providence, NJ: Anderson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verlinden, S., Hersen, M., & Thomas, J. (2000). Risk factors in school shootings. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(1), 3–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, G. M., Terry, A. M., & Maney, S. M. (2009). Risk/needs tools for antisocial behavior and violence among youthful populations. In J. T. Andrade (Ed.), Handbook of violence risk assessment and treatment: New approaches for mental health professionals (pp. 377–424). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vossekuil, B., Fein, R., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2002). The final report and findings of the safe school initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Secret Service and U.S. Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wacquant, L. (2009). Punishing the poor: The neoliberal government of social insecurity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wald, J., & Losen, D. J. (2003). Editors’ notes. In J. Wald & D. J. Losen (Eds.), New directions for youth development: Deconstructing the school-to-prison pipeline (pp. 1–2). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wamsley, L. (2019, May 2). Florida approves bill allowing classroom teachers to be armed. Retrieved June 17, 2019 from https://www.npr.org/2019/05/02/719585295/florida-approves-bill-allowing-classroom-teachers-to-be-armed.

  • Webber, J. A. (2003). Failure to hold: The politics of school violence. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch, K., & Payne, A. A. (2018). Zero tolerance school policies. In J. Deakin, E. Taylor, & A. Kupchik (Eds.), The Palgrave international handbook of school discipline, surveillance, and social control (pp. 215–234). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Winn, Z. (2018, March 13). Explaining Florida’s new school safety law. Retrieved June 12, 2019 from https://www.campussafetymagazine.com/safety/explaining-floridas-new-school-safety-law/.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eric Madfis .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Madfis, E. (2020). Introduction. In: How to Stop School Rampage Killing. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37181-4_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37181-4_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-37180-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-37181-4

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Navigation