Abstract
In this chapter, the sampling, preconditioning, as well as physico-chemical, biochemical and thermal characterization methods for municipal solid waste are introduced. The typical equipment used in the sample preparation and characterization are illustrated. Furthermore, an overview of the characteristics of municipal solid waste is presented which provides a useful starting database.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency): Quantity of municipal solid waste generated and managed. EPA’s Report on the Environment (ROE). https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=53. Accessed Oct 2016
Fischer, C., Crowe, M.: Household and Municipal Waste: Comparability of Data in Eea Member Countries. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark (2000)
Sahimaa, O., Hupponen, M., Horttanainen, M., Sorvari, J.: Method for residual household waste composition studies. Waste Manage. 46, 3–14 (2015)
Edjabou, M.E., Jensen, M.B., Götze, R., Pivnenko, K., Petersen, C., Scheutz, C., Astrup, T.F.: Municipal solid waste composition: Sampling methodology, statistical analyzes, and case study evaluation. Waste Manage. 36, 12–23 (2015)
Liikanen, M., Sahimaa, O., Hupponen, M., Havukainen, J., Sorvari, J., Horttanainen, M.: Updating and testing of a Finnish method for mixed municipal solid waste composition studies. Waste Manage. 52, 25–33 (2016)
Zettl, E., Milunov, M., Potrykus, A., Kostadinova, T.: Waste Classification, Sampling and Analyzis. Federal Environment Agency, Germany (2015)
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). MSW Characterization Methodology. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/06numbers.pdf. Accessed Sep 2015
Nordtest Method. Solid waste, municipal: sampling and characterisation. Nordtest method NT ENVIR, Finland. http://www.nordtest.info/images/documents/nt-methods/environment/NT%20envir%20001_Solid%20waste,%20municipal_Sampling%20and%20characterisation_Nordtest%20Method.pdf. Accessed May 1995
Haque, M.: Sampling methods in social research. Ph.D. Scholar, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bangal (2010)
Dodd, S.-J., Epstein, I.: Practice-based Research in Social Work: A Guide for Reluctant Researchers. Routledge, New York (2012)
Dahlén, L., Lagerkvist, A.: Methods for household waste composition studies. Waste Manage. 28, 1100–1112 (2008)
Nilsson, P.: Waste collection: equipment and vehicles. Solid Waste Technol. Manage. 1 and 2, 251–76 (2010)
Environmental Protection Agency: Municipal Waste Characterisation. Wexford, Ireland (1996)
Fitzgerald, G.C., Themelis, N.: Technical and economic analysis of pre-shredding municipal solid wastes prior to disposal. Unpublished MS thesis Columbia University, New York (2009)
Cheremisinoff, N.P.: Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies. Butterworth, Heinemann (2003)
Ramachandra, T.: Management of Municipal Solid Waste. Environmental Engineering Series, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) (2006)
Cimpan, C., Maul, A., Jansen, M., Pretz, T., Wenzel, H.: Central sorting and recovery of MSW recyclable materials: a review of technological state-of-the-art, cases, practice and implications for materials recycling. J. Environ. Manage. 156, 181–199 (2015)
Gonzalez-Torre, P.L., Adenso-Dıaz, B., Ruiz-Torres, A.: Some comparative factors regarding recycling collection systems in regions of the USA and Europe. J. Environ. Manage. 69, 129–138 (2003)
Gundupalli, S.P., Hait, S., Thakur, A.: A review on automated sorting of source-separated municipal solid waste for recycling. Waste Manage. 60, 56–74 (2017)
Shao, L.-M., Ma, Z.-H., Zhang, H., Zhang, D.-Q., He, P.-J.: Bio-drying and size sorting of municipal solid waste with high water content for improving energy recovery. Waste Manage. 30, 1165–1170 (2010)
Chandrappa, R., Das, D.B.: Waste quantities and characteristics. Solid Waste Management, pp. 47–63. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2012)
Perazzini, H., Freire, F.B., Freire, F.B., Freire, J.T.: Thermal treatment of solid wastes using drying technologies: a review. Dry Technol. 34, 39–52 (2016)
McCormick, P., Porter, H., Lucas, R., Wells, D.: Solids drying fundamentals. In: Chemical Engineers Handbook, 5th edn. pp. 20–4. Mc Graw-Hill Co, New York (1983)
Mujumdar, A.S.: Principles, classification, and selection of dryers. In Handbook of Industrial Drying 4th edn, pp. 3–29. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2015)
Velis, C., Longhurst, P.J., Drew, G.H., Smith, R., Pollard, S.J.: Biodrying for mechanical–biological treatment of wastes: a review of process science and engineering. Bioresource Technol. 100, 2747–2761 (2009)
Ragazzi, M., Rada, E., Panaitescu, V., Apostol, T.: Municipal solid waste pre-treatment: a comparison between two dewatering options. WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 102 (2007)
Phuntsho, S., Dulal, I., Yangden, D., Tenzin, U.M., Herat, S., Shon, H.: Studying municipal solid waste generation and composition in the urban areas of Bhutan. Waste Manage. Res. 28, 545–551 (2010)
Sfeir, H., Reinhart, D.R., McCauley-Bell, P.R.: An evaluation of municipal solid waste composition bias sources. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 49, 1096–1102 (1999)
Burnley, S., Ellis, J., Flowerdew, R., Poll, A., Prosser, H.: Assessing the composition of municipal solid waste in Wales. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 49, 264–283 (2007)
Scott, P.: The international energy agency’s (IEA) work in harmonising sampling and analytical protocols related to municipal solid waste (MSW) conversion to energy. Biomass Bioenerg. 9, 415–439 (1995)
Worrell, W.A., Vesilind, P.A.: Solid Waste Engineering, Cengage Learning, SI Version (2011)
den Boer, E., Jędrczak, A., Kowalski, Z., Kulczycka, J., Szpadt, R.: A review of municipal solid waste composition and quantities in Poland. Waste Manag 30, 369–377 (2010)
Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T., Tanabe K. (eds.): IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IGES, Japan (2006)
Zhang, D.Q., Tan, S.K., Gersberg, R.M.: Municipal solid waste management in China: status, problems and challenges. J. Environ. Manage. 9, 1623–1633 (2010)
ASTM. Standard Test Method for Measuring Particle Size Distribution of RDF-5. United States: American Society for Testing and Materials, E1037–15 (2017)
Zhou, H., Meng, A., Long, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, Y.: An overview of characteristics of municipal solid waste fuel in China: physical, chemical composition and heating value. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 36, 107–122 (2014)
ASTM. Standard Test Method for Determining the Bulk Density of Solid Waste Fractions. United States: American Society for Testing and Materials, E 1109–86 (2004)
Ruf, J.A.: Particle size spectrum and compressibility of raw and shredded municipal solid waste, University of Florida (1974)
EPA: Volume-to-Weight Conversion Factors. US: Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery (2016)
EPA: Waste Materials—Density Data. http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/business-and-industry/lower-your-impact/~/media/Files/bus/EREP/docs/wastematerials-densities-data.pdf
Pichtel, J.: Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial. CRC press (2005)
Vesilind, P.A., Worrell, W.A., Reinhart, R.: Solid Waste Engineering, India Library (2002)
Zekkos, D., Fei, X., Grizi, A., Athanasopoulos, G.: Response of municipal solid waste to mechanical compression. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143, 04016101 (2016)
Hossain, M., Gabr, M., Barlaz, M.: Relationship of compressibility parameters to municipal solid waste decomposition. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 129, 1151–1158 (2003)
Oweis, I.S., Khera, R.P.: Geotechnology of waste management (1990)
ASTM: standard test methods for one-dimensional consolidation properties of soils using incremental loading. united states: american society for testing and materials, D2435/D2435M-1 (2011)
Zhang, Z., Dazhi, W.: Study on the compressibility of municipal solid waste in Hangzhou, China. In: International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering (MACE): IEEE, pp. 1566–8 (2010)
Zhang, Z., Dazhi, W.: Study on the compressibility for municipal solid waste with higher content of organic matter. In: 2nd International Conference on Information Science and Engineering (ICISE): IEEE, pp. 4078–81 (2010)
Chen, Y., Ke, H., Fredlund, D.G., Zhan, L., **e, Y.: Secondary compression of municipal solid wastes and a compression model for predicting settlement of municipal solid waste landfills. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136, 706–717 (2010)
Gourc, J.-P., Staub, M., Conte, M.: Decoupling MSW settlement into mechanical and biochemical processes–modelling and validation on large-scale setups. Waste Manage. 30, 1556–1568 (2010)
Bareither, C.A., Benson, C.H., Edil, T.B.: Recent findings on compressibility of municipal solid waste. GeoCongress State Art Pract. Geotech. Eng. 2012, 4212–4221 (2012)
Hossain, M.S., Gabr, M., Asce, F.: The effect of shredding and test apparatus size on compressibility and strength parameters of degraded municipal solid waste. Waste Manage. 29, 2417–2424 (2009)
ASTM: Standard test method for permeability of granular soils (Constant Head). American Society for Testing and Materials, United States, D2434-68 (2006)
Taufiq, T.: Characteristics of fresh municipal solid waste: The University of Texas at Arlington (2010)
Chen, T.-H., Chynoweth, D.P.: Hydraulic conductivity of compacted municipal solid waste. Bioresour. Technol. 51, 205–212 (1995)
Hossain, M.S., Penmethsa, K.K., Hoyos, L.: Permeability of municipal solid waste (MSW) in bioreactor landfill with degradation. GeoCongress 2008: Geotechnics of Waste Management and Remediation. pp. 120–7 (2008)
Dixon, N., Jones, D.R.V.: Engineering properties of municipal solid waste. Geotext. Geomembr. 23, 205–233 (2005)
Ivanov, K.; Zaprjanova, P.; Angelova, V.; Bekjarov, G.; Dospatliev, L.; Gilkes, R. J.; Prakongkep, N.: ICP determination of phosphorous in soils and plants. In: Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science: Soil solutions for a changing world, Brisbane, Australia, 1–6 August 2010. Working Group 1.5 Soil sense: rapid soil measurements (2010)
Yang, N.: Environmental analysis of municipal solid waste landfilling in China based on life cycle perspective. Ph.D. Thesis, Shanghai: Tongji university (2014)
Kim, M.H., Kim, J.W.: Comparison through a LCA evaluation analysis of food waste disposal options from the perspective of global warming and resource recovery. Sci. Total Environ. 408(19), 3998–4006 (2010)
Faaij, A., van Ree, R., Waldheim, L., Olsson, E., Oudhuis, A., van Wijk, A., DaeyOuwens, C., Turkenburg, W.: Gasification of biomass wastes and residues for electricity production. Biomass Bioenerg. 12(6), 387–407 (1997)
Zhang, Y., Banks, C.J., Heaven, S.: Anaerobic digestion of two biodegradable municipal waste streams. J. Environ. Manage. 104, 166–174 (2012)
Yang, N., Damgaard, A., Scheutz, C., Shao, L.M., He, P.J.: A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark. J. Environ. Sci. 74, 1–10 (2018)
Soest, P.J.V.: Development of a comprehensive system of feed analyzes and its application to forages. J. Anim. 26(1), 119–128 (1967)
Van Soest, P.J.: Use of detergents in the analyzis of fibrous feeds. 2. A rap-id method for the determination of fiber and lignin. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 49, 546–551 (1963)
Provenzano, M.R., Malerba, A.D., Pezzolla, D., Gigliotti, G.: Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of organic matter during the anaerobic digestion and successive composting of pig slurry. Waste Manage. 34(3), 653–660 (2014)
Machado, S.L., Carvalho, M.F., Gourc, J.P., Vilar, O.M., Nascimento, J.C.F.D.: Methane generation in tropical landfills: simplified methods and field results. Waste Manage. 29(1), 153–161 (2009)
Huang, Q., Wang, Q., Dong, L., **, B., Zhou, B.: The current situation of solid waste management in China. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage. 8(1), 63–69 (2006)
M, B.: Regional study on policies and institutional assessment of solid waste management in Egypt, France: Blue Plan Regional Activity Centre (2000)
Unnikrishnan, S., Singh, A.: Energy recovery in solid waste management through CDM in India and other countries. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 54(10), 630–640 (2010)
EPA: Municipal solid waste in The United States: 2011 facts and figures. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S.A. (2013)
ABS: Australia’s environment: issues and trends. Australian Bureau of Statistic, Australia (2003)
OECD: OECD environmental data compendium. Environment Directorate, France, 2006/2007
DEFRA: Municipal waste composition: review of municipal waste component analyzes—final report, London: Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (2008)
Mühle, S., Balsam, I., Cheeseman, C.R.: Comparison of carbon emissions associated with municipal solid waste management in Germany and the UK. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 54(11), 793–801 (2010)
Eleazer, W.E., Odle, W.S., Wang, Y.S., Barlaz, M.A.: Biodegradability of municipal solid waste components in laborato-ry-scale landfills. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(3), 911–917 (1997)
Chan, C., Jia, C.Q., Graydon, J.W., Kirk, D.W.: The behaviour of selected heavy metals in MSW incineration electrostatic precipitator ash during roasting with chlorination agents. J. Hazard. Mater. 50(1), 1–13 (1996)
Krogmann, U.: Composting–basics of collection and treatment of biogenic wastes of different compositions. Economica-Verlag, Germany (1994)
Badami, M., Mittica, A., Poggio, A.: MSW incineration capacity evaluations for the province of Turin (Northen Italy). Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 456(12), 436–437 (2008)
Zheng, W., Phoungthong, K., Lü, F., Shao, L.M., He, P.J.: Evaluation of a classification method for biodegradable solid wastes using anaerobic degradation parameters. Waste Manage. 33(12), 2632–2640 (2013)
Saikia, N., Cornelis, G., Mertens, G., Elsen, J., Van Balen, K., Van Gerven, T., Vandecasteele, C.: Assessment of Pb-slag, MSWI bottom ash and boiler and fly ash for using as a fine aggregate in cement mortar. J. Hazard. Mater. 154(1–3), 766–777 (2008)
Qiang, L.S., Zhao, J.P., Yang, Y.L.: Preparation and characterization of novel functional materials. Harbin Institute of Technology Press, Harbin (2017)
Qiu, P.S., Wang, G.F., Guo, L.W.: Material modern analysis test method experiment guide. Harbin Institute of Technology Press, Harbin (2001)
Ji, T.D., Lin, Z.R., Guo, L.W.: Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Ion Probes. Science Press, Bei**g (1989)
Mangialardi, T., Paolini, A.E., Polettini, A., Sirini, P.: Optimization of the solidification/stabilization process of MSW fly ash in cementitious matrices. J. Hazard. Mater. 70(1–2), 53–70 (1999)
Rémond, S., Pimienta, P., Bentz, D.P.: Effects of the incorporation of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in cement pastes and mortars: I. Exp. Study. Cem. Concr. Res. 32(2), 303–311 (2002)
Müller, U., Rübner, K.: The microstructure of concrete made with municipal waste incinerator bottom ash as an aggregate component. Cem. Concr. Res. 36(8), 1434–1443 (2006)
Bethanis, S., Cheeseman, C.R., Sollars, C.J.: Properties and micro-structure of sintered incinerator bottom ash. Ceram. Int. 28(8), 881–886 (2002)
Hass, A., Fine, P.: Sequential selective extraction procedures for the study of heavy metals in soils, sediments, and waste materials-a Critical Review. Crit.Al Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40(5), 365–399 (2010)
Tessier, A., Campbell, P.G.C., Bisson, M.: Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Anal. Chem. 51(7), 844–851 (1979)
Ure, A.M., Quevauviler, P.H., Muntau, H., Griepink, B.: Speciation of heavy metals in soils and sediments. An account of the improvement and harmonization of extraction techniques undertaken under the auspices of the BCR of the Commission of the European Communities. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 51, 135–151 (1994)
Kersten, M., Schulz, B.: Speciation of Cr in leachates of a MSWI bottom ash landfill. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1398–1403 (1998)
Krishnamurti, G.S., Naidu, R.: Solid-solution speciation and phytoavailability of copper and zinc in soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36(12), 2645–2651 (2002)
Pan, Y., Wu, Z., Zhou, J., Zhao, J., Ruan, X., Liu, J., Qian, G.: Chemical characteristics and risk assessment of typical municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash in China. J. Hazard. Mater. 261, 269–276 (2013)
Luan, J., Chai, M., Liu, Y., Ke, X.: Heavy-metal speciation redistribution in solid phase and potential environmental risk assessment during the conversion of MSW incineration fly ash into molten slag. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25(4), 3793–3801 (2018)
Yu, J., Sun, L., **ang, J., **, L., Hu, S., Su, S., Qiu, J.: Physical and chemical characterization of ashes from a municipal solid waste incinerator in China. Waste Manage. Res. 31(7), 663–673 (2013)
Jiao, F., Zhang, L., Dong, Z., Namioka, T., Yamada, N., Ninomiya, Y.: Study on the species of heavy metals in MSW incineration fly ash and their leaching behavior. Fuel Process. Technol. 152, 108–115 (2016)
Saqib, N., Bäckström, M.: Chemical association and mobility of trace elements in 13 different fuel incineration fly ashes. Fuel 165, 193–204 (2016)
Yao, J., Li, W.B., Kong, Q.N., Wu, Y.Y., He, R., Shen, D.S.: Content, mobility and transfer behavior of heavy metals in MSWI bottom ash in Zhejiang province, China. Fuel 89(3), 616–622 (2010)
Soil, sludge and treated biowaste—Determination of pH. https://horizontal.ecn.nl
Sun, C.Y., Wen, C.X., Liu, X.L., Liu, B.: Effects of initial pH on anaerobic digestion of biogas from domestic refuse and sludge mixtures. Chin. J. Agric. Technol. 9, 194–196 (2012)
Liu, Q., Sun, Y.H., Kou, W., Cao, Y.X.: Compositions analyzis and an-aerobic digestion characteristics on seasonal municipal solid waste. Chin. J. Environ. Eng. 11, 4507–4512 (2013)
Yue, B., Zhang, Z.B., Huang, Q.F., Li, H.: Study on the physico-chemical properties of living solid waste in several typical villages and towns in China. Environ. Eng. 7, 105–110 (2014)
Medina-Salasa, L.D., Castillo-Gonzáleza, E., Romero-Lópezb, R.: Physical and chemical characteristics of municipal solid waste in a rural locality-study case: cosautlán de carvajal, Veracruz, Mexico. Int. J. Bus. Hum. Ities Technol. 31(8), 117–122 (2013)
Zhang, A.P., Li, M., Chen, Y.M., Hu, L.Z.: Study on characteristics, peasants’ awareness and disposal mode of rural household solid waste around Chengdu. Environ. Pollut. Control. 3, 307–313 (2017)
Chen, S.H., Zhang, S.M.: Municipal Waste Compost Management and Technology. Fudan University Press, Shanghai (1990)
Wei, Z.M., Wang, S.P., **, B.D., Zhao, Y.: Changes of humic substances and organic nitrogen forms during municipal solid waste composting. Acta Sci. Circum. 2, 235–240 (2007)
Lv, B., Pu, G.B.: Study on transformation behavior of nitrogen in an-aerobic digestion of municipal solid waste. Chem. Biol. Eng. 9, 77–81 (2010)
EPA: Liquid-solid partitioning as a function of liquid-solid ratio for constituents in solid materials using an up-flow percolation column procedure. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S.A. (2009)
EPA: Mass transfer rates of constituents in monolithic or compacted granular materials using a semi-dynamic tank leaching procedure. U.S.A.: Environmental Protection Agency (2017)
EPA: Liquid-solid partitioning as a function of liquid-to-solid ratio in solid materials using a parallel batch procedure. U.S.A.: Environmental Protection Agency (2012)
Gawlik, B., van der Sloot, H., Ulberth, F., Nortcliff, S., Simonart, T., Cooper, B., Leschber, R., Andersen, K., Wichman, K.: On the development of horizontal CEN standards supporting the implementation of EU directives on sludge, soil and biowaste—project horizontal. TracTrends Anal. Chem. 23(10–11), 686–703 (2004)
Chinese Standard: Solid waste-extraction procedure for leaching toxicity-sulphuric acid and nitric acid method HJT299–2007 (2007)
Chinese Standard: Solid waste-extraction procedure for leaching toxicity-acetic acid buffer solution method HJ/T300-2007 (2007)
Chinese Standard: Solid waste-Extraction procedure for leaching toxicity-Horizontal vibration method HJ 557-2010 (2010)
Liu, H.H., Sang, S.X., Zhou, X.Z., Lian, C.X.: Leaching characteristics of heavy metals in municipal solid waste under simulated rain. Geochimica 6, 587–594 (2008)
He, P.J., H., Zhang, H., Wang, Z.D., Zhang, C.G.: Pollution characteristics of air pollution control residues from municipal solid waste incineration plant. J. Tongji Univ. (Nat. Sci.) 31(8), 972–976 (2003)
Shen, D.S., Zhen, Y.G., Yao, J., Wang, M.Z., Zhang, Y.: Analysis of pollution characteristics of solid waste incinerator fly ash in Zhejiang province. Chin. J. Environ. Sci. 9, 2610–2616 (2011)
Zhang, H., Yu, S.Y., Shao, L.M., He, P.J.: Influence of air pollution control (APC) systems and furnace type on the characteristics of APC residues from municipal solid waste incinerators. Chin. J. Environ. Sci. 1, 467–476 (2018)
Yu, L., **e, Y.D., Ji, H.B., Pang, X.L., Liu, J.S.: Leaching tests of domestic garbage slag heavy metals under different pH. Environ. Sci. Manag. 1, 111–114 (2016)
ASTM: Standard Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke. ASTM D3173/D3173M-17a (2011)
ISO: Solid mineral fuels—Hard coal—Determination of moisture in the general analysis test sample by drying in nitrogen. ISO 11722:2013 (2013)
AS: Coal and coke—Analysis and testing Proximate analysis of higher rank coal. AS 1038.3 (2000)
ASTM: Standard Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube Furnace Combustion. ASTM D4239-14 (2014)
ISO: Solid mineral fuels—Determination of total sulfur—High temperature combustion method. ISO 351:1996 (1996)
AS: Coal and coke—Analysis and testing Higher rank coal and coke—Ultimate analysis—Total sulfur—High-temperature combustion method. AS 1038.6.3.2-2003 (R2013)
ASTM: Standard Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke. ASTM D3175-18 (2018)
ISO: Hard coal and coke—Determination of volatile matter. ISO 562:2010 (2010)
ASTM: Standard Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke by Instrumental Procedures. ASTM D5142-09 (2009)
ISO: Coal—Proximate analysis. ISO 17246:2010 (2010)
AS: Coal and coke—Analysis and testing Proximate analysis of higher rank coal. AS 1038.3-2000 (2000)
ASTM: Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Laboratory Samples of Coal. ASTM D5373-08 (2008)
ASTM: Standard Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal. ASTM D3174-12(2018)
ASTM: Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke. D5865-13 (2013)
ISO: Solid mineral fuels—determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetric method and calculation of net calorific value. ISO 1928 (2009)
AS: Coal and coke-Analysis and testing Gross calorific value. AS1038.5 (1998)
Kathiravale, S., Yunus, M.N.M., Sopian, K., Samsuddin, A.H., Rah-man, R.A.: Modeling the heating value of municipal solid waste. Fuel 82(9), 1119–1125 (2003)
Dean, W.: Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous, sediments and sedimentary rock by loss on ignition: comparison with other methods. J. Sediment. Petrol. 44, 242–248 (1974)
Eli, SF., Benjamin, C.: The application of thermoanalytical techniques to reaction kinetics: the thermogravimetric evaluation of the kinetics of the decomposition of calcium oxalate monohydrate. J. Phys. Chem. 62, 394–397 (1958)
Stanier, D.: An introduction to differential scanning calorimetry (2013)
Vyazovkin, S., Burnham, A.K., Criado, J.M., Pérez-Maqueda, L.A., Popescu, C., Sbirrazzuoli, N.: ICTAC kinetics committee recommendations for performing kinetic computations on thermal analyzis data. Thermochim. Acta 520(1–2), 1–19 (2011)
Anderson, M.B.: Composition of municipal solid waste in the united states and implications for carbon sequestration and methane yield. J. Environ. Eng. 135(10), 901–909 (2009)
Painter, R., Watson, W.: Tennessee waste characterization study, pp. 16–20. Tennessee State University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tennessee (2008)
Yamada, T., Asari, M., Miura, T.: Municipal solid waste composition and food loss reduction in Kyoto City. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage. 3, 1–10 (2017)
Zhang, D., Keat, T.S., Gersberg, R.M.: A comparison of municipal solid waste management in Berlin and Singapore. Waste Manage. 30(5), 921 (2010)
Alwaeli, M.: An overview of municipal solid waste management in Poland. The current situation, problems and challenges. Environ. Prot. Eng. 4, 181–193 (2015)
Sharholy, M., Ahmad, K., Vaishya, R.C.: Municipal solid waste characteristics and management in Allahabad. India. Waste Manage. 27(4), 490 (2007)
Tan, S.T., Lee, C.T., Hashim, H.: Optimal process network for municipal solid waste management in Iskandar Malaysia. J. Clean. Prod. 71(4), 48–58 (2014)
Hussain, M., Haider, S., Abbas, Y.: A study of source specific quantification, composition and disposal methods of municipal solid waste at Konodas Gilgit City, Pakistan. J. Biodivers. Environ. Sci. 8(5), 20162222–20166663 (2016)
Inglezakis, V., Dvorsak, S., Varga, J.: Municipal solid waste experimental studies in Romania and Bulgaria. Cogenttech 3(3), 64–73 (2012)
Montejo, C., Costa, C., Ramos, P.: Analysis and comparison of municipal solid waste and reject fraction as fuels for incineration plants. Appl. Therm. Eng. 31(13), 2135–2140 (2011)
Ersoy, H., Bulut, F., Ersoy, A.F.: Municipal solid waste management and practices in coastal cities of the Eastern Black Sea: a case study of Trabzon City, NE Turkey. Bull. Eng. Geol. Env. 67(3), 321–333 (2008)
Burnley, S.J., Ellis, J.C., Flowerdew, R.: Assessing the composition of municipal solid waste in Wales. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 49(3), 264–283 (2007)
Abdalqader, A., Hamad, J.: Municipal solid waste composition determination supporting the integrated solid waste management in Gaza strip. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev. 3(2), 172–176 (2012)
Peng, Z., Peng, L., Zhang, X.: Study on the composition and physical characteristics of municipal solid waste in Chongqing. Environ. Sci. Manag. 39(2), 14–17 (2014). (in Chinese)
Wang, Y., Dong, X., Zhang, Y.: Analyzis on the characteristics of municipal solid waste in tangshan. J. Tangshan Coll.E 20(6), 62–63 (in Chinese) (2007)
Dan, Z., Han, Z.: Study on the characteristics of municipal solid waste in tibetan plateau area at the dry season. China Biogas 30(6), 33–36 (2012). (in Chinese)
Tao, X., Huang, T., Yang, H.: Investigation and analysis of municipal solid waste in downtown area of Chengdu. Guangdong Agric. Sci. (1), 94–96 (2009). (in Chinese)
Huang C.: Statistical study on physical and chemical components of municipal solid waste in Shenzhen. Huazhong University of Science and Technology (2012). (in Chinese)
Moradian, F., Pettersson, A., Richards, T.: A thermodynamic equilibrium model applied to predict the fouling tendency in a commercial fluidized-bed boiler, combusting solid waste. Energy Fuels 150422082504003 (2015)
Moradian, F., Pettersson, A., Richards, T.: Bed agglomeration characteristics during cocombustion of animal waste with municipal solid waste in a bubbling fluidized-bed boiler-A thermodynamic modeling approach. Energy Fuels 28(3), 2236–2247 (2014)
Ma, W.: Thermal behavior of chlorine during municipal solid waste combustion. Tian** University (2010). (in Chinese)
Tang, L.: Study on the properties of pyrolysis products and elements distribution during Municipal Solid Waste pyrolysis. Chongqing University (2015). (in Chinese)
Wang, X., Jiao, Y., **, B., Xu, B., Wu, J.: The effect of SiO2 addictive on melting characteristics of MSW incineration fly ash. Power Syst. Eng. 5, 17–20 (2007). (in Chinese)
Xu, M.: The experimental study on ash sintering characteristics of heated surface on MSW incineration. Zhejiang University (2007)
Chen, B.-Y., Lin, K.-L.: Biotoxicity assessment on reusability of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) ash. J. Hazard. Mater. B136, 741–746 (2006)
Nielfa, A., Cano, R., Fdz-Polanco, M.: Theoretical methane production generated by the co-digestion of organic fraction municipal solid waste and biological sludge. Biotechnol. Rep. 5, 14–21 (2015)
Shi, H., Mahinpey, N., Aqsha, A.: Characterization, thermochemical conversion studies, and heating value modeling of municipal solid waste. Waste Manag 48, 34–47 (2015)
Sørum, L., Grønli, M.G., Hustad, J.E.: Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of municipal solid wastes. Fuel 80(9), 1217–1227 (2000)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Castaldi, M.J. et al. (2020). Municipal Solid Waste. In: Nzihou, A. (eds) Handbook on Characterization of Biomass, Biowaste and Related By-products. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35020-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35020-8_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-35019-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-35020-8
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)