Abstract
Free standing graphene belongs to the pioneering group of carbonaceous nanomaterial and has gained large appreciation in the field storage and conversion of energy. Free standing or self-supported graphene materials are made up of dense graphene sheets arranged in the form of three dimensional structures like foam, films, monoliths, papers, and aerogels with hierarchical porous structure. In last few decades, speedy growth in the binder free graphene based super-capacitors can be credited to their influential properties like flexibility, large surface to volume ratio, high mechanical durability, electrical and thermal conductivity, and light weight. The free standing graphene also delivers us with short and easy diffusion pathway for ions (generated from electrolytes), channels for electron transport and composites with active materials which provide a synergistic effect. This chapter will provide the information about synthesis of free standing graphenes and their recent advancements as the efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- 2D:
-
Two dimensional
- 3D:
-
Three dimensional
- AES:
-
Augar electron spectroscopy
- AFM:
-
Atomic force microscopy
- CV:
-
Cyclic voltammetry
- CVE:
-
Centrifugal vacuum evaporation
- CVD:
-
Chemical vapour deposition
- DMF:
-
Dimethyl formamide
- EDLCs:
-
Electric double layer capacitors
- FT-IR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- FESEM:
-
Field emission scanning electron microscope
- HRTEM:
-
High resolution transmission electron microscope
- MCVD:
-
Microwave assisted chemical vapour deposition
- MS:
-
Mass spectroscopy
- NEC:
-
Nippon electric company
- NMR:
-
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- r-GO:
-
Reduced Graphene oxide
- PANI:
-
Polyaniline
- PL:
-
Photoluminescence spectroscopy
- SC:
-
Supercapacitors
- SIMS:
-
Secondary ion mass spectrometry
- UCs:
-
Ultracapacitors
- XPS:
-
X-Ray photo electron spectroscopy
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction spectroscopy
References
Geim, A.K., Novoselov, K.S.: The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6, 183–191 (2007)
Geim, A.K.: Graphene: status and prospects. Science 324, 1530–1534 (2009)
Zhu, Y., Murali, S., Cai, W., Li, X., Suk, J.W., Potts, J.R., Ruoff, R.S.: Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv. Mater. 22, 3906–3924 (2010)
Chen, D., Feng, H., Li, J.: Graphene oxide: preparation, functionalization, and electrochemical applications. Chem. Rev. 112, 6027–6053 (2012)
Huang, X., Yin, Z., Wu, S., Qi, X., He, Q., Zhang, Q., Yan, Q., Boey, F., Zhang, H.: Graphene-based materials: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications. Small 7, 1876–1902 (2011)
Georgakilas, V., Otyepka, M., Bourlinos, A.B., Chandra, V., Kim, N., Kemp, K.C., Hobza, P., Zboril, R., Kim, K.S.: Functionalization of graphene: covalent and non-covalent approaches, derivatives and applications. Chem. Rev. 112, 6156–6214 (2012)
Bianco, A., Cheng, H.-M., Enoki, T., Gogotsi, Y., Hurt, R.H., Koratkar, N., Kyotani, T.: All in the graphene family–a recommended nomenclature for two-dimensional carbon materials. Carbon 65, 1–6 (2013)
Meyer, J.C., Geim, A.K., Katsnelson, M.I., Novoselov, K.S., Booth, T.J., Roth, S.: The structure of suspended graphene sheets. Nature 446, 60 (2007)
Chen, C., Yang, Q.-H., Yang, Y., Lv, W., Wen, Y., Hou, P.-X., Wang, M., Cheng, H.-M.: Self-assembled free-standing graphite oxide membrane. Adv. Mater. 21, 3007–3011 (2009)
Marcano, D.C., Kosynkin, D.V., Berlin, J.M., Sinitskii, A., Sun, Z., Slesarev, A., Alemany, L.B., Lu, W., Tour, J.M.: Improved synthesis of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 4, 4806–4814 (2010)
Choi, W., Lahiri, I., Seelaboyina, R., Kang, Y.S.: Synthesis of graphene and its applications: a review. Crit. Rev. Solid State 35, 52–71 (2010)
Wei, D., Liu, Y.: Controllable synthesis of graphene and its applications. Adv. Mater. 22, 3225–3241 (2010)
Zhang, Y.I., Zhang, L., Zhou, C.: Review of chemical vapor deposition of graphene and related applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 46, 2329–2339 (2013)
Tang, L., Li, X., Ji, R., Teng, K.S., Tai, G., Ye, J., Wei, C., Lau, S.P.: Bottom-up synthesis of large-scale graphene oxide nanosheets. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 5676–5683 (2012)
Reina, A., Jia, X., Ho, J., Nezich, D., Son, H., Bulovic, V., Dresselhaus, M.S., Kong, J.: Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett. 9, 30–35 (2008)
Gass, M.H., Bangert, U., Bleloch, A.L., Wang, P., Nair, R.R., Geim, A.K.: Free-standing graphene at atomic resolution. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 676 (2008)
Teng, M., Liu, Z., Wen, J., Gao, Y., Ren, X., Chen, H., **, C.: Tailoring the thermal and electrical transport properties of graphene films by grain size engineering. Nat. Commun. 8, 14486 (2017)
Hu, D., Gong, W., Di, J., Li, D., Li, R., Lu, W., Gu, B., Sun, B., Li, Q.: Strong graphene-interlayered carbon nanotube films with high thermal conductivity. Carbon 118, 659–665 (2017)
Chen, K., Chen, L., Chen, Y., Bai, H., Li, L.: Three-dimensional porous graphene-based composite materials: electrochemical synthesis and application. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 20968–20976 (2012)
Yin, S., Wu, Y.‐L., Hu, B., Wang, Y., Cai, P., Tan, C.K., Qi, D.: Three‐dimensional graphene composite macroscopic structures for capture of cancer cells. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 1, 300043 (2014)
Zhang, S., Li, Y., Pan, N.: Graphene based supercapacitor fabricated by vacuum filtration deposition. J. Power Sources 206, 476–482 (2012)
Dikin, D.A., Stankovich, S., Zimney, E.J., Piner, R.D., Dommett, G.H.B., Evmenenko, G., Nguyen, S.T., Ruoff, R.S.: Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper. Nature 448, 457 (2007)
Li, D., Müller, M.B., Gilje, S., Kaner, R.B., Wallace, G.G.: Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 101 (2008)
Liu, F., Chung, S., Oh, G., Seo, T.S.: Three-dimensional graphene oxide nanostructure for fast and efficient water-soluble dye removal. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4, 922–927 (2012)
Zhang, W., Zhu, J., Ang, H., Zeng, Y., **ao, N., Gao, Y., Liu, W., Hng, H.H., Yan, Q.: Binder-free graphene foams for O2 electrodes of Li-O2 batteries. Nanoscale 5, 9651–9658 (2013)
Zhao, X., Jia, Y., Liu, Z.-H.: GO-graphene ink-derived hierarchical 3D-graphene architecture supported Fe3O4 nanodots as high-performance electrodes for lithium/sodium storage and supercapacitors. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 536, 463–473 (2019)
Wang, Y., **, Y., Zhao, C., Pan, E., Jia, M.: 3D graphene aerogel wrapped 3D flower-like Fe3O4 as a long stable and high rate anode material for lithium ion batteriesJ. Electroanal. Chem. 830, 106–115 (2018)
Pan, E., **, Y., Wang, Y., Zhao, C., Bo, X., Jia, M.: Facile synthesis of mesoporous 3D CoO/nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel as high-performance anode materials for lithium storage. Microporous and Mesoporous Mater. 267, 93–99 (2018)
Jiang, L., Ren, Z., Chen, S., Zhang, Q., Lu, X., Zhang, H., Wan, G.: Bio-derived three-dimensional hierarchical carbon-graphene-TiO2 as electrode for supercapacitors. Sci. Rep. 8, 4412 (2018)
Wu, P., Wang, D., Ning, J., Zhang, J., Feng, X., Dong, J., Hao, Y.: Novel 3D porous graphene/Ni3S2 nanostructures for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. J. Alloy. Compd. 731, 1063–1068 (2018)
Foroutan, M., Naji, L.: Systematic evaluation of factors influencing electrochemical and morphological characteristics of free-standing 3D graphene hydrogels as electrode material for supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 301, 421–435 (2019)
Sun, S., Wang, P., Wang, S., Wu, Q., Fang, S.: Fabrication of MnO2/nanoporous 3D graphene for supercapacitor electrodes. Mater. Lett. 145, 141–144 (2015)
Zhang, H., Deng, X., Huang, H., Li, G., Liang, X., Zhou, W., Guo, J., Wei, W., Tang, S.: Hetero-structure arrays of NiCoO2 nanoflakes@nanowires on 3D graphene/nickel foam for high-performance supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 289, 193–203 (2018)
Zhang, L., Zhao, Z., **a, T., Zhang, S., Li, X., Zhang, A.: Anchoring Bi2WO6 nanoparticles on 3D graphene frameworks for enhanced lithium storage. Mater. Lett. 210, 345–349 (2018)
Bandyopadhyay, P., Li, X., Kim, N.H., Lee, J.H.: Graphitic carbon nitride modified graphene/NiAl layered double hydroxide and 3D functionalized graphene for solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors. Chem. Eng. J. 353, 824–838 (2018)
Wang, G., Yang, J., Park, J., Gou, X., Wang, B., Liu, H., Yao, J.: Facile synthesis and characterization of graphene nanosheetsJ. J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 8192–8195 (2008)
Liu, C., Li, F., Ma, L.-P., Cheng, H.-M.: Advanced materials for energy storage. Adv. Mater. 22, E28–E62 (2010)
Nikolaidis, P., Poullikkas, A.: A comparative review of electrical energy storage systems for better sustainability. J. Power Technol. 97, 220–245 (2017)
Wang, G., Zhang, L., Zhang, J.: A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 797–828 (2012)
Zhong, C., Deng, Y., Hu, W., Qiao, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, J.: A review of electrolyte materials and compositions for electrochemical supercapacitors. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 7484–7539 (2015)
Kasana, V.K., Kumar, Y., Singh, P., Dixit, S.: Experimental studies on poly (3-hexylthiophene) electrode based supercapacitors: a comparison of electrolytic species (2016)
Becker, H.I.: Low voltage electrolytic capacitor. U.S. Patent 2,800,616, issued July 23 (1957)
Lee, H.Y., Goodenough, J.B.: Supercapacitor behavior with KCl electrolyte. J. Solid State Chem. 144, 220–223 (1999)
Endo, M., Takeda, T., Kim, Y.J., Koshiba, K., Ishii, K.: High power electric double layer capacitor (EDLC’s); from operating principle to pore size control in advanced activated carbons. Carbon Lett. 1, 117–128 (2001)
Lim, Y.S., Tan, Y.P., Lim, H.N., Huang, N.M., Tan, W.T., Yarmo, M.A., Yin, C.-Y.: Potentiostatically deposited polypyrrole/graphene decorated nano-manganese oxide ternary film for supercapacitors. Ceram. Int. 40, 3855–3864 (2014)
Zhang, L.L., Zhao, X.S.: Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38, 2520–2531 (2009)
Wang, Y., Chen, J., Cao, J., Liu, Y., Zhou, Y., Ouyang, J.-H., Jia, D.: Graphene/carbon black hybrid film for flexible and high rate performance supercapacitor. J. Power Sources 271, 269–277 (2014)
Cheng, H., Dong, Z., Hu, C., Zhao, Y., Hu, Y., Qu, L., Chen, N., Dai, L.: Textile electrodes woven by carbon nanotube–graphene hybrid fibers for flexible electrochemical capacitors. Nanoscale 5, 3428–3434 (2013)
Gao, H., **ao, F., Ching, C.B., Duan, H.: Flexible all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors based on free-standing carbon nanotube/graphene and Mn3O4 nanoparticle/graphene paper electrodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4, 7020–7026 (2012)
Yang, C., Shen, J., Wang, C., Fei, H., Bao, H., Wang, G.: All-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor based on reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube and carbon fiber paper/polypyrrole electrodes. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 1458–1464 (2014)
He, Y., Chen, W., Li, X., Zhang, Z., Fu, J., Zhao, C., **e, E.: Freestanding three-dimensional graphene/MnO2 composite networks as ultralight and flexible supercapacitor electrodes. ACS Nano 7, 174–182 (2012)
Wang, Z., Zhang, Q.E., Long, S., Luo, Y., Yu, P., Tan, Z., Bai, J.: Three-dimensional printing of polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide composite for high-performance planar supercapacitor. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 10437–10444 (2018)
Wu, C.H., Deng, S.X., Wang, H., Sun, Y.X., Liu, J.B., Yan, H.: Preparation of novel three-dimensional NiO/ultrathin derived graphene hybrid for supercapacitor applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 1106–1112 (2014)
Chi, K., Zhang, Z., **, J.B., Huang, Y., **ao, F., Wang, S., Liu, Y.: Freestanding graphene paper supported three-dimensional porous graphene–polyaniline nanocomposite synthesized by inkjet printing and in flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 16312–16319 (2014)
Zhang, C., Huang, Y., Tang, S., Deng, M., Du, Y.: High-energy all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor based on Ni3S2 mesoporous nanosheet-decorated three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide. ACS Energy Lett. 2, 759–768 (2017)
Foo, C.Y., Lim, H.N., Mahdi, M.A.B., Chong, K.F., Huang, N.M.: High-performance supercapacitor based on three-dimensional hierarchical r-go/nickel cobaltite nanostructures as electrode materials. J. Phys. Chem. A 120, 21202–21210 (2016)
Zhang, J., Ding, J., Li, C., Li, B., Li, D., Liu, Z., Cai, Q., Zhang, J., Liu, Y.: Fabrication of novel ternary three-dimensional RuO2/graphitic-C3N4@ reduced graphene oxide aerogel composites for supercapacitors. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 5, 4982–4991 (2017)
Ye, S., Feng, J.: Self-assembled three-dimensional hierarchical graphene/polypyrrole nanotube hybrid aerogel and its application for supercapacitors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 9671–9679 (2014)
Liu, Y., Zhou, J., Tang, J., Tang, W.: Three-dimensional, chemically bonded polypyrrole/bacterial cellulose/graphene composites for high-performance supercapacitors. Chem. Mater. 27, 7034–7041 (2015)
Ouyang, Y., **a, X., Ye, H., Wang, L., Jiao, X., Lei, W., Hao, Q.: Three-dimensional hierarchical structure ZnO@C@NiO on carbon cloth for asymmetric supercapacitor with enhanced cycle stability. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 104, 3549–3561 (2018)
Qu, L., Zhao, Y., Khan, A.M., Han, C., Hercule, K.M., Yan, M., Liu, X.: Interwoven three-dimensional architecture of cobalt oxide nanobrush-Graphene@NixCo2x(OH)6x for high-performance supercapacitors. Nano Lett. 15, 2037–2044 (2015)
Hu, N., Huang, L., Gong, W., Shen, P.K.: High-Performance Asymmetric supercapacitor based on hierarchical NiMn2O4@ CoS core–shell microspheres and stereotaxically constricted graphene. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6, 16933–16940 (2018)
Cao, X., Yin, Z., Zhang, H.: Three-dimensional graphene materials: preparation, structures and application in supercapacitors. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 1850–1865 (2014)
Zhu, Y., Murali, S., Stoller, M.D., Ganesh, K.J., Cai, W., Ferreira, P.J., Pirkle, A.: Carbon-based supercapacitors produced by activation of graphene. Science 332, 1537–1541 (2011)
**a, X.H., Chao, D.L., Zhang, Y.Q., Shen, Z.X., Fan, H.J.: Three-dimensional graphene and their integrated electrodes. Nano Today 9, 785–807 (2014)
Yao, X., Zhao, Y.: Three-dimensional porous graphene networks and hybrids for lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. Chem. Rev. 2, 171–200 (2017)
Manjakkal, L., Núñez, C.G., Dang, W., Dahiya, R.: Flexible self-charging supercapacitor based on graphene-Ag-3D graphene foam electrodes. Nano Energy 51, 604–612 (2018)
**, Y., Gong, Y., Fu, Q., Pan, C.: Preparation of three-dimensional graphene foam for high performance supercapacitors. Progress Natl. Sci. Mater. Int. 27, 177–181 (2017)
Down, M.P., Banks, C.E.: Freestanding three-dimensional graphene macroporous supercapacitor. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1, 891–899 (2018)
Garakani, M.A., Abouali, S., Xu, Z.-L., Huang, J., Huang, J.-Q., Kim, J.-K.: Heterogeneous, mesoporous NiCo2O4-MnO2/graphene foam for asymmetric supercapacitors with ultrahigh specific energies. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 3547–3557 (2017)
Qian, Y., Cai, X., Zhang, C., Jiang, H., Zhou, L., Li, B., Lai, L.: A free-standing Li4Ti5 O12/graphene foam composite as anode material for Li-ion hybrid supercapacitor. Electrochim. Acta 258, 1311–1319 (2017)
Ghosh, K., Yue, C.Y., Sk, M.M., Jena, R.K.: Development of 3D urchin-shaped coaxial manganese dioxide@polyaniline (MnO2@PANI) composite and self-assembled 3D pillared graphene foam for asymmetric all-solid-state flexible supercapacitor application. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 15350–15363 (2017)
Latil, S., Henrard, L.: Charge carriers in few-layer graphene films. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 036803 (2006)
Zhao, Y., Liu, J., Wang, B., Sha, J., Li, Y., Zheng, D., Amjadipour, M., MacLeod, J., Motta, N.: Supercapacitor electrodes with remarkable specific capacitance converted from hybrid graphene oxide/NaCl/Urea films. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 22588–22596 (2017)
Dou, Y., Min, L.U.O., Liang, S., Zhang, X., Ding, X., Liang, B.: Flexible free-standing graphene-like film electrode for supercapacitors by electrophoretic deposition and electrochemical reduction. Trans. Nonferr. Metal Soc. China 24, 1425–1433 (2014)
Chao, Y., Chen, S., Chen, H., Hu, X., Ma, Y., Gao, W., Bai, Y.: Densely packed porous graphene film for high volumetric performance supercapacitor. Electrochim. Acta 276, 118–124 (2018)
Jia, Y., Zhou, L., Shao, J.: Direct synthesis of graphene-based hybrid films as flexible supercapacitor electrodes. Synth. Met. 244, 99–105 (2018)
Chen, J., Guo, Y., Huang, L., Xue, Y., Geng, D., Liu, H., Wu, B.: Controllable fabrication of ultrathin free-standing graphene films. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 372 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0017
**ong, D., Li, X., Bai, Z., Li, J., Shan, H., Fan, L., Long, C., Li, D., Lu, X.: Rational design of hybrid Co3O4/graphene films: free-standing flexible electrodes for high performance supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 259, 338–347 (2018)
Zhu, Y., Ye, X., Tang, Z., Wan, Z., Jia, C.: Free-standing graphene films prepared via foam film method for great capacitive flexible supercapacitors. App. Surf. Sci. 422, 975–984 (2017)
Worsley, M.A., Kucheyev, S.O., Mason, H.E., Merrill, M.D., Mayer, B.P., Lewicki, J., Valdez, C.A.: Mechanically robust 3D graphene macro-assembly with high surface area. Chem. Comm 48, 8428–8430 (2012)
Li, Y., Chen, J., Huang, L., Li, C., Hong, J.-D., Shi, G.: Highly compressible macroporous graphene monoliths via an improved hydrothermal process. Adv. Mater. 26, 4789–4793 (2014)
Zou, X., Zhou, Y., Wang, Z., Chen, S., Li, W., **ang, B., Xu, L., Zhu, S., Hou, J.: Free-standing, layered graphene monoliths for long-life supercapacitor. Chem. Eng. J. 350, 386–394 (2018)
Wang, X., Ding, Y., Chen, F., Lu, H., Zhan, N., Ma, M.: Hierarchical porous n-doped graphene monoliths for flexible solid-state supercapacitors with excellent cycle stability. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1, 5024–5032 (2018)
Deng, L., Liu, J., Ma, Z., Fan, G., Liu, Z.-H.: Free-standing graphene/bismuth vanadate monolith composite as a binder-free electrode for symmetrical supercapacitors. RSC Adv. 8, 24796–24804 (2018)
Wen, Y., Rufford, T.E., Hulicova-Jurcakova, D., Wang, L.: Nitrogen and phosphorous co-doped graphene monolith for supercapacitors. Chem. Sus. Chem. 9, 513–520 (2016)
Yao, H., Zhang, G., Zhang, F., Li, W., Yang, Y., Chen, L.: A novel Ni coordination supramolecular network hybrid monolith of 3D graphene as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Mater. Today Energy 6, 164–172 (2017)
Hu, H., Zhao, Z., Wan, W., Gogotsi, Y., Qiu, J.: Ultralight and highly compressible graphene aerogels. Adv. Mater. 25, 2219–2223 (2013)
Worsley, M.A., Pauzauskie, P.J., Olson, T.Y., Biener, J., Satcher Jr., J.H., Baumann, T.F.: Synthesis of graphene aerogel with high electrical conductivity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 14067–14069 (2010)
Song, Z., Liu, W., Sun, N., Wei, W., Zhang, Z., Liu, H., Liu, G., Zhao, Z.: One-step self-assembly fabrication of three-dimensional copper oxide/graphene oxide aerogel composite material for supercapacitors. Solid State Commun. 287, 27–30 (2019)
VanHoa, N., Quyen, T.T.H., Hieu, N.V., Ngoc, T.Q., Thinh, P.V., Dat, P.A., Nguyen, H.T.T.: Three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide-grafted polyaniline aerogel as an active material for high performance supercapacitors. Synth. Met. 223, 192–198 (2017)
**ng, L.-B., Hou, S.-F., Zhou, J., Zhang, J.-L., Si, W., Dong, Y., Zhuo, S.: Three dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene aerogels functionalized with melamine for multifunctional applications in supercapacitors and adsorption. J. Solid State Chem. 230, 224–232 (2015)
Choi, J., Yang, M.H., Kim, S.-K.: Pseudocapacitive organic catechol derivative-functionalized three-dimensional graphene aerogel hybrid electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors. Appl. Surf. Sci. 422, 316–320 (2017)
Author Declaration
Ms. Karfa has given the major contribution in writing this book chapter along with drawing the Figures and Tables, taking the copyright permission etc.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Karfa, P., Majhi, K.C., Madhuri, R. (2020). Free-Standing Graphene Materials for Supercapacitors. In: Inamuddin, Boddula, R., Asiri, A. (eds) Self-standing Substrates. Engineering Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29522-6_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29522-6_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-29521-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-29522-6
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)