Abstract
This article serves as an introduction to several recent developments in the study of quasisymmetric functions. The focus of this survey is on connections between quasisymmetric functions and the combinatorial Hopf algebra of noncommutative symmetric functions, appearances of quasisymmetric functions within the theory of Macdonald polynomials, and analogues of symmetric functions. Topics include the significance of quasisymmetric functions in representation theory (such as representations of the 0-Hecke algebra), recently discovered bases (including analogues of well-studied symmetric function bases), and applications to open problems in symmetric function theory.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aguiar, M., Bergeron, N., & Sottile, F. (2006). Combinatorial Hopf algebras and generalized Dehn-Sommerville relations. Compos. Math., 142(1), 1–30.
P. Alexandersson, G. Panova, LLT polynomials, chromatic quasisymmetric functions and graphs with cycles. ar**v:1705.10353
E.E. Allen, J. Hallam, S.K. Mason, Dual immaculate quasisymmetric functions expand positively into Young quasisymmetric Schur functions (2016), ar**v:1606.03519
S. Assaf, D. Searles, Kohnert tableaux and a lifting of quasi-Schur functions (2016), ar**v:1609.03507
Assaf, S., & Searles, D. (2017). Schubert polynomials, slide polynomials, Stanley symmetric functions and quasi-Yamanouchi pipe dreams. Adv. Math., 306, 89–122.
S.H. Assaf, Dual equivalence graphs, ribbon tableaux and Macdonald polynomials. ProQuest LLC, Ann Arbor, MI, 2007. Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of California, Berkeley (2007)
Assaf, S. H. (2015). Dual equivalence graphs I: a new paradigm for Schur positivity. Forum Math. Sigma, 3: e12, 33.
Aval, J.-C., & Bergeron, N. (2003). Catalan paths and quasi-symmetric functions. Proc. Am. Math. Soc., 131(4), 1053–1062.
Aval, J.-C., Bergeron, F., & Bergeron, N. (2004). Ideals of quasi-symmetric functions and super-covariant polynomials for \(\mathscr {S}_n\). Adv. Math., 181(2), 353–367.
Baker, A., & Richter, B. (2008). Quasisymmetric functions from a topological point of view. Math. Scand., 103(2), 208–242.
C. Ballantine, Z. Daugherty, A. Hicks, S. Mason, E. Niese, Quasisymmetric power sums (2017), ar**v:1710.11613
Berg, C., Bergeron, N., Saliola, F., Serrano, L., & Zabrocki, M. (2014). A lift of the Schur and Hall-Littlewood bases to non-commutative symmetric functions. Can. J. Math., 66(3), 525–565.
Berg, C., Bergeron, N., Saliola, F., Serrano, L., & Zabrocki, M. (2015). Indecomposable modules for the dual immaculate basis of quasi-symmetric functions. Proc. Am. Math. Soc., 143(3), 991–1000.
F. Bergeron, Algebraic Combinatorics and Coinvariant Spaces. CMS Treatises in Mathematics. Canadian Mathematical Society, Ottawa, ON; A K Peters, Ltd., Wellesley, MA, 2009
Bergeron, N., & Billey, S. (1993). RC-graphs and Schubert polynomials. Exp. Math., 2(4), 257–269.
N. Bergeron, S. Mykytiuk, F. Sottile, S. van Willigenburg, Shifted quasi-symmetric functions and the Hopf algebra of peak functions. Discret. Math. 246(1–3), 57–66 (2002) (Formal power series and algebraic combinatorics (Barcelona, 1999))
N. Bergeron, S. Mykytiuk, F. Sottile, S. van Willigenburg, Noncommutative Pieri operators on posets. J. Comb. Theory Ser. A 91(1–2), 84–110 (2000) (In memory of Gian-Carlo Rota)
Bergeron, N., Sánchez-Ortega, J., & Zabrocki, M. (2016). The Pieri rule for dual immaculate quasi-symmetric functions. Ann. Comb., 20(2), 283–300.
Billera, L. J., & Liu, N. (2000). Noncommutative enumeration in graded posets. J. Algebr. Comb., 12(1), 7–24.
Billera, L. J., Hsiao, S. K., & van Willigenburg, S. (2003). Peak quasisymmetric functions and Eulerian enumeration. Adv. Math., 176(2), 248–276.
Billey, S. C., Jockusch, W., & Stanley, R. P. (1993). Some combinatorial properties of Schubert polynomials. J. Algebr. Comb., 2(4), 345–374.
P. Brosnan, T.Y. Chow, Unit interval orders and the dot action on the cohomology of regular semisimple Hessenberg varieties (2015), ar**v:1511.00773
Carter, R. W. (1986). Representation theory of the \(0\)-Hecke algebra. J. Algebra, 104(1), 89–103.
Cherednik, I. (1995). Nonsymmetric Macdonald polynomials. Int. Math. Res. Not., 10, 483–515.
C.-O. Chow, Noncommutative symmetric functions of type B. ProQuest LLC, Ann Arbor, MI, 2001. Thesis (Ph.D.)–Massachusetts Institute of Technology
S. Clearman, M. Hyatt, B. Shelton, M. Skandera, Evaluations of Hecke algebra traces at Kazhdan-Lusztig basis elements. Electron. J. Comb. 23(2), Paper 2.7, 56 (2016)
S. Dahlberg, A. Foley, S. van Willigenburg, Resolving Stanley’s e-positivity of claw-contractible-free graphs (2017), ar**v:1703.05770
M. Demazure, Une nouvelle formule des caractères. Bull. Sci. Math. (2) 98(3), 163–172 (1974)
Derksen, H. (2009). Symmetric and quasi-symmetric functions associated to polymatroids. J. Algebr. Comb., 30(1), 43–86.
Ditters, E. J. (1972). Curves and formal (co)groups. Invent. Math., 17, 1–20.
G. Duchamp, D. Krob, B. Leclerc, J.-Y. Thibon, Fonctions quasi-symétriques, fonctions symétriques non commutatives et algèbres de Hecke à \(q=0\). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math. 322(2), 107–112 (1996)
G. Duchamp, F. Hivert, J.-Y. Thibon, Noncommutative symmetric functions. VI. Free quasi-symmetric functions and related algebras. Int. J. Algebra Comput. 12(5), 671–717 (2002)
Egge, E., Loehr, N. A., & Warrington, G. S. (2010). From quasisymmetric expansions to Schur expansions via a modified inverse Kostka matrix. Eur. J. Comb., 31(8), 2014–2027.
Ehrenborg, R. (1996). On posets and Hopf algebras. Adv. Math., 119(1), 1–25.
B. Ellzey, A directed graph generalization of chromatic quasisymmetric functions (2017), ar**v:1709.00454
Eğecioğlu, Ö., & Remmel, J. B. (1990). A combinatorial interpretation of the inverse Kostka matrix. Linear Multilinear Algebr., 26(1–2), 59–84.
S. Fomin, R. Stanley, Schubert polynomials and the nil-Coxeter algebra. Adv. Math. 103(2), 196–207 (1994)
Foulkes, H. O. (1950). Concomitants of the quintic and sextic up to degree four in the coefficients of the ground form. J. Lond. Math. Soc., 25, 205–209.
W. Fulton, Young Tableaux, vol. 35. London Mathematical Society Student Texts (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997)
A. Garsia, J. Remmel, A note on passing from a quasi-symmetric function expansion to a Schur function expansion of a symmetric function (2018), ar**v:1802.09686
Garsia, A. M., & Wallach, N. (2003). Qsym over Sym is free. J. Comb. Theory Ser. A, 104(2), 217–263.
V. Gasharov, Incomparability graphs of \((3+1)\)-free posets are \(s\)-positive, in Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Formal Power Series and Algebraic Combinatorics (New Brunswick, NJ, 1994), vol. 157 (1996), pp. 193–197
Gelfand, I. M., Krob, D., Lascoux, A., Leclerc, B., Retakh, V. S., & Thibon, J.-Y. (1995). Noncommutative symmetric functions. Adv. Math., 112(2), 218–348.
Gessel, I. M. (1984). Multipartite P-partitions and inner products of skew Schur functions. Contemp. Math., 34, 289–301.
I.M. Gessel, A historical survey of \(P\)-partitions, The Mathematical Legacy of Richard P. Stanley (American Mathematical Society, Providence, 2016), pp. 169–188
D. Grinberg, Dual creation operators and a dendriform algebra structure on the quasisymmetric functions. Can. J. Math. 69(1), 21–53 (2017)
D. Grinberg, V. Reiner, Hopf algebras in combinatorics (2014), ar**v:1409.8356
M. Guay-Paquet, A modular relation for the chromatic symmetric functions of (3+1)-free posets (2013), ar**v:1306.2400
M. Guay-Paquet, A second proof of the Shareshian–Wachs conjecture, by way of a new Hopf algebra (2016), ar**v:1601.05498
Haglund, J. (2004). A combinatorial model for the Macdonald polynomials. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101(46), 16127.
J. Haglund, The genesis of the Macdonald polynomial statistics. Sém. Lothar. Comb. 54A, Art. B54Ao, 16 (2005/07)
J. Haglund, The \( q\),\(t\)-Catalan Numbers and the Space of Diagonal Harmonics, vol. 41. University Lecture Series (American Mathematical Society, Providence, 2008)
J. Haglund, A.T. Wilson, Macdonald polynomials and chromatic quasisymmetric functions (2017)
Haglund, J., Haiman, M., & Loehr, N. (2004). A combinatorial formula for Macdonald polynomials. J. Am. Math. Soc., 18, 735–761.
Haglund, J., Haiman, M., & Loehr, N. (2005). Combinatorial theory of Macdonald polynomials I: proof of Haglund’s formula. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 102(8), 2690.
Haglund, J., Haiman, M., & Loehr, N. (2008). A combinatorial formula for nonsymmetric Macdonald polynomials. Am. J. Math., 130(2), 359–383.
Haglund, J., Luoto, K., Mason, S., & van Willigenburg, S. (2011). Quasisymmetric Schur functions. J. Comb. Theory Ser. A, 118(2), 463–490.
Haglund, J., Luoto, K., Mason, S., & van Willigenburg, S. (2011). Refinements of the Littlewood-Richardson rule. Trans. Am. Math. Soc., 363(3), 1665–1686.
M. Haiman, Hilbert, schemes, polygraphs and the Macdonald positivity conjecture. J. Am. Math. Soc. 14(4), 941–1006 (electronic) (2001)
Hazewinkel, M. (2001). The algebra of quasi-symmetric functions is free over the integers. Adv. Math., 164(2), 283–300.
M. Hazewinkel, Symmetric functions, noncommutative symmetric functions, and quasisymmetric functions. Acta Appl. Math. 75(1–3), 55–83 (2003) (Monodromy and differential equations (Moscow, 2001))
Hazewinkel, M. (2010). Explicit polynomial generators for the ring of quasisymmetric functions over the integers. Acta Appl. Math., 109(1), 39–44.
M. Hazewinkel, N. Gubareni, V.V. Kirichenko, Algebras, Rings and Modules. Volume 168 of Mathematical Surveys and Monographs (American Mathematical Society, Providence, 2010) (Lie algebras and Hopf algebras)
Hersh, P., & Hsiao, S. K. (2009). Random walks on quasisymmetric functions. Adv. Math., 222(3), 782–808.
Hivert, F. (1998). Analogues non-commutatifs et quasi-symétriques des fonctions de Hall-Littlewood, et modules de Demazure d’une algèbre enveloppante quantique dégénérée. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math., 326(1), 1–6.
Hivert, F. (2000). Hecke algebras, difference operators, and quasi-symmetric functions. Adv. Math., 155(2), 181–238.
Hoffman, M. E. (2015). Quasi-symmetric functions and mod \(p\) multiple harmonic sums. Kyushu J. Math., 69(2), 345–366.
S.K. Hsiao, T.K. Petersen, The Hopf algebras of type B quasisymmetric functions and peak functions (2006), ar**v:math/0610976
Hsiao, S. K., & Karaali, G. (2011). Multigraded combinatorial Hopf algebras and refinements of odd and even subalgebras. J. Algebr. Comb., 34(3), 451–506.
Hsiao, S. K., & Kyle Petersen, T. (2010). Colored posets and colored quasisymmetric functions. Ann. Comb., 14(2), 251–289.
Huang, J. (2014). 0-Hecke algebra actions on coinvariants and flags. J. Algebr. Comb., 40(1), 245–278.
Huang, J. (2015). 0-Hecke algebra action on the Stanley-Reisner ring of the Boolean algebra. Ann. Comb., 19(2), 293–323.
Huang, J. (2016). A tableau approach to the representation theory of 0-Hecke algebras. Ann. Comb., 20(4), 831–868.
Joni, S. A., & Rota, G.-C. (1979). Coalgebras and bialgebras in combinatorics. Stud. Appl. Math., 61(2), 93–139.
Knuth, D. E. (1970). Permutations, matrices, and generalized young tableaux. Pac. J. Math., 34(3), 709–727.
D. Krob, J.-Y. Thibon, Noncommutative symmetric functions. IV. Quantum linear groups and Hecke algebras at \(q=0\). J. Algebr. Comb. 6(4), 339–376 (1997)
A. Lascoux, M.P. Schützenberger, Polynômes de Schubert. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math. 294(13), 447–450 (1982)
A. Lascoux, M.-P. Schützenberger, Keys & standard bases, in Invariant Theory and Tableaux (Minneapolis, MN, 1988). Volume 19 of IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications (Springer, New York, 1990), pp. 125–144
Lauve, A., & Mason, S. K. (2011). QSym over Sym has a stable basis. J. Comb. Theory Ser. B, 118(5), 1661–1673.
E. Leven, Two special cases of the rational shuffle conjecture, in 26th International Conference on Formal Power Series and Algebraic Combinatorics (FPSAC 2014), Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science Proceedings, AT. (Assoc. Discrete Math. Theor. Comput. Sci., Nancy, 2014), pp. 789–800
Li, Y. (2016). Toward a polynomial basis of the algebra of peak quasisymmetric functions. J. Algebr. Comb., 44(4), 931–946.
Littlewood, D. E. (1961). On certain symmetric functions. Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., 3(11), 485–498.
Loehr, N. A., & Warrington, G. S. (2012). Quasisymmetric expansions of Schur-function plethysms. Proc. Am. Math. Soc., 140(4), 1159–1171.
M. Lothaire, Combinatorics on Words. Cambridge Mathematical Library (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997)
K. Luoto, S. Mykytiuk, S. van Willigenburg, An Introduction to Quasisymmetric Schur Functions. Springer Briefs in Mathematics (Springer, New York, 2013)
I.G. Macdonald, A new class of symmetric functions. Sémin. Lothar. Comb. 20 (1988)
I.G. Macdonald, Symmetric functions and Hall polynomials, 2nd edn. Oxford Mathematical Monographs (The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995)
I.G. Macdonald, Symmetric Functions and Orthogonal Polynomials, vol. 12. University Lecture Series (American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1998)
C. Malvenuto, Produits et coproduits des fonctions quasi-symétriques et de l’alg‘ebre des descentes. PhD thesis, Laboratoire de Combinatoire et d’Informatique Mathématique UQAM (1994)
Malvenuto, C., & Reutenauer, C. (1995). Duality between quasi-symmetric functions and the Solomon descent algebra. J. Algebr., 177(3), 967–982.
S. Mason, A decomposition of Schur functions and an analogue of the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth algorithm. Sémin. Lothar. Comb. 57, B57e (2008)
Mason, S. (2009). An explicit construction of type A Demazure atoms. J. Algebr. Comb., 29(3), 295–313.
P.-L. Méliot, Representation Theory of Symmetric Groups. Discrete Mathematics and its Applications (Boca Raton) (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2017)
Murnaghan, F. D. (1937). On the representations of the symmetric group. Am. J. Math., 59(3), 437–488.
Nakayama, T. (1941). On some modular properties of irreducible representations of a symmetric group I. Jpn. J. Math., 18, 89–108.
Norton, P. N. (1979). \(0\)-Hecke algebras. J. Austral. Math. Soc. Ser. A, 27(3), 337–357.
Novelli, J.-C., Thibon, J.-Y., & Williams, L. K. (2010). Combinatorial Hopf algebras, noncommutative Hall-Littlewood functions, and permutation tableaux. Adv. Math., 224(4), 1311–1348.
Novelli, J.-C., Tevlin, L., & Thibon, J.-Y. (2013). On some noncommutative symmetric functions analogous to Hall-Littlewood and Macdonald polynomials. Int. J. Algebr. Comput., 23(4), 779–801.
Opdam, E. M. (1995). Harmonic analysis for certain representations of graded Hecke algebras. Acta Math., 175(1), 75–121.
T. Kyle Petersen, A note on three types of quasisymmetric functions. Electron. J. Comb. 12, Research Paper 61, 10 (2005)
T. Kyle Petersen, Enriched, \(P\)-partitions and peak algebras. Adv. Math. 209(2), 561–610 (2007)
D. Qiu, J. Remmel, Schur function expansions and the rational shuffle conjecture. Sém. Lothar. Comb. 78B, Art. 83, 13 (2017)
Radford, D. E. (1979). A natural ring basis for the shuffle algebra and an application to group schemes. J. Algebra, 58(2), 432–454.
Ram, A., & Yip, M. (2011). A combinatorial formula for Macdonald polynomials. Adv. Math., 226(1), 309–331.
Reiner, V., & Shimozono, M. (1995). Key polynomials and a flagged Littlewood-Richardson rule. J. Comb. Theory Ser. A, 70(1), 107–143.
Remmel, J. B., & Whitney, R. (1984). Multiplying Schur functions. J. Algorithms, 5(4), 471–487.
C. Reutenauer, Free Lie Algebras, vol. 7. London Mathematical Society Monographs. New Series (The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York, 1993)
B.E. Sagan, The Symmetric Group. Volume 203 of Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 2nd edn. (Springer, New York, 2001)
S. Sahi, Nonsymmetric, Koornwinder polynomials and duality. Ann. Math. (2) 150(1), 267–282 (1999)
Schensted, C. (1961). Longest increasing and decreasing subsequences. Can. J. Math., 13, 179–191.
Schmitt, W. R. (1994). Incidence Hopf algebras. J. Pure Appl. Algebra, 96(3), 299–330.
Scott, D., & Suppes, P. (1958). Foundational aspects of theories of measurement. J. Symb. Log., 23, 113–128.
Shareshian, J., & Wachs, M. L. (2010). Eulerian quasisymmetric functions. Adv. Math., 225(6), 2921–2966.
J. Shareshian, M.L. Wachs, Chromatic quasisymmetric functions and Hessenberg varieties, in Configuration Spaces. Volume 14 of CRM Series. Ed. Norm. (Pisa, 2012), pp. 433–460
Shareshian, J., & Wachs, M. L. (2016). Chromatic quasisymmetric functions. Adv. Math., 295, 497–551.
Solomon, L. (1976). A Mackey formula in the group ring of a Coxeter group. J. Algebra, 41(2), 255–264.
R.P. Stanley, Ordered Structures and Partitions. Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, No. 119 (American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1972)
Stanley, R. P. (1995). A symmetric function generalization of the chromatic polynomial of a graph. Adv. Math., 111(1), 166–194.
R.P. Stanley, Enumerative combinatorics, 62 of Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, vol. 2 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999)
Stanley, R. P. (2001). Generalized riffle shuffles and quasisymmetric functions. Ann. Comb., 5(3–4), 479–491.
Stanley, R. P., & Stembridge, J. R. (1993). On immanants of Jacobi-Trudi matrices and permutations with restricted position. J. Comb. Theory Ser. A, 62(2), 261–279.
Stembridge, J. R. (1997). Enriched \(P\)-partitions. Trans. Am. Math. Soc., 349(2), 763–788.
Tewari, V. V., & van Willigenburg, S. J. (2015). Modules of the 0-Hecke algebra and quasisymmetric Schur functions. Adv. Math., 285, 1025–1065.
Yip, M. (2012). A Littlewood-Richardson rule for Macdonald polynomials. Math. Z., 272(3–4), 1259–1290.
A.V. Zelevinsky, Representations of Finite Classical Groups, vol. 869. Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Springer, Berlin, 1981)
Acknowledgements
I am very grateful to Hélène Barcelo, Gizem Karaali, and Rosa Orellana for inviting me to produce this chapter. I would also like to thank Ed Allen, Susanna Fishel, Josh Hallam, Jim Haglund, and John Shareshian for helpful feedback along the way. Finally, I greatly appreciate the insightful comments from a diligent anonymous referee.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s) and the Association for Women in Mathematics
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mason, S.K. (2019). Recent Trends in Quasisymmetric Functions. In: Barcelo, H., Karaali, G., Orellana, R. (eds) Recent Trends in Algebraic Combinatorics. Association for Women in Mathematics Series, vol 16. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05141-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05141-9_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-05140-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-05141-9
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)