SpringerLink
Log in

Neoplastic Nodular T-Cell Pattern: An Approach to Diagnosis of Neoplastic Nodular T-Cell Lymphomas of the Skin

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cutaneous Hematopathology

  • 1375 Accesses

Abstract

We describe a group of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) with high predilection to the skin that presents in a dermotrophic nodular pattern. These diseases include the rare group of cutaneous PTCLs other than mycosis fungoides (MF), as well as transformed MF. The putative biologic origin, immunologic, and gene expression profile for the group are discussed. For individual entities, the definition, epidemiology, clinical appearance, pattern of infiltration, cytomorphology, immunophenotype, cytogenetics, molecular findings, clinical behavior, and differential diagnosis are included, highlighted with summary tables and histopathologic images. Although cutaneous lymphomas are histologically similar to nodal systemic lymphomas, the former have a different course, require localized and stage-specific management, and should be recognized as separate entities. This chapter focuses on the primary cutaneous T/NK-cell lymphomas, which represent about 32 % of primary cutaneous T-cell subtypes. We include peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified, transformed MF, solitary CD4 + pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma (primary cutaneous small-medium-sized T cell lymphoma), cutaneous gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, extranodal NK/T-cell nasal type, cutaneous HTLV-1 adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), as well as their differential diagnosis. Nodular forms of cutaneous CD30-positive lymphomas, although part of this group, are separated into another chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adachi Y, Horio T. Chronic actinic dermatitis in a patient with adult T-cell leukemia. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2008;24(3):147–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adams JD. Localized cutaneous pseudolymphoma associated with phenytoin therapy: a case report. Australas J Dermatol. 1981;22(1):28–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agar NS, Wedgeworth E, Crichton S, Mitchell TJ, Cox M, Ferreira S, Robson A, Calonje E, Stefanato CM, Wain EM, Wilkins B, Fields PA, Dean A, Webb K, Scarisbrick J, Morris S, Whittaker SJ. Survival outcomes and prognostic factors in mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome: validation of the revised International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer staging proposal. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(31):4730–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agostinelli C, Piccaluga PP, Went P, Rossi M, Gazzola A, Righi S, Sista T, Campidelli C, Zinzani PL, Falini B, Pileri SA. Peripheral T cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: the stuff of genes, dreams and therapies. J Clin Pathol. 2008;61(11):1160–7.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilera P, Mascaro Jr JM, Martinez A, Esteve J, Puig S, Campo E, Estrach T. Cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma: a histopathologic mimicker of lupus erythematosus profundus (lupus panniculitis). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56(4):643–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aladily TN, Nathwani BN, Miranda RN, Kansal R, Yin CC, Protzel R, Takowsky GS, Medeiros LJ. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, arising in association with saline breast implant: expanding the spectrum of breast implant-associated lymphomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36(11):1729–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albrecht J, Fine LA, Piette W. Drug-associated lymphoma and pseudolymphoma: recognition and management. Dermatol Clin. 2007;25(2):233–44, vii.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alekshun TJ, Rezania D, Ayala E, Cualing H, Sokol L. Skeletal muscle peripheral T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(3):501–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alibert JLM. Tableau de plan fongoide: description des mala- dies de la peau observee a l’hopital St. Louis, et exposition des meilleures methods suivies pour leur traitement. Paris: Bar rior 1’Aine et Files; 1806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansai S, Maeda K, Yamakawa M, Matsuda M, Saitoh S, Suwa S, Saitoh H, Ohtsuka M, Iwatsuki K. CD56-positive (nasal-type T/NK cell) lymphoma arising on the skin. Report of two cases and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol. 1997;24(8):468–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arai E, Okubo H, Tsuchida T, Kitamura K, Katayama I. Pseudolymphomatous folliculitis: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases of cutaneous pseudolymphoma with follicular invasion. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23(11):1313–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnulf B, Copie-Bergman C, fau-Larue MH, Lavergne-Slove A, Bosq J, Wechsler J, Wassef M, Matuchansky C, Epardeau B, Stern M, Bagot M, Reyes F, Gaulard P. Nonhepatosplenic gammadelta T-cell lymphoma: a subset of cytotoxic lymphomas with mucosal or skin localization. Blood. 1998;91(5):1723–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arulogun SO, Prince HM, Ng J, Lade S, Ryan GF, Blewitt O, McCormack C. Long-term outcomes of patients with advanced-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and large cell transformation. Blood. 2008;112(8):3082–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Assaf C, Gellrich S, Whittaker S, Robson A, Cerroni L, Massone C, Kerl H, Rose C, Chott A, Chimenti S, Hallermann C, Petrella T, Wechsler J, Bagot M, Hummel M, Bullani-Kerl K, Bekkenk MW, Kempf W, Meijer CJ, Willemze R, Sterry W. CD56-positive haematological neoplasms of the skin: a multicentre study of the Cutaneous Lymphoma Project Group of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. J Clin Pathol. 2007;60(9):981–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Attygalle AD, Chuang SS, Diss TC, Du MQ, Isaacson PG, Dogan A. Distinguishing angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma from peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified, using morphology, immunophenotype and molecular genetics. Histopathology. 2007;50(4):498–508.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Attygalle AD, Diss TC, Munson P, Isaacson PG, Du MQ, Dogan A. CD10 expression in extranodal dissemination of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28(1):54–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • az-Cascajo C. Strong immunoexpression of the monoclonal antibody CD-30 in lymphocytic infiltrates of the skin not by itself evidence for diagnosing malignant lymphoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 2001;23(1):79–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baatz M, Zimmermann J, Blackmore CG. Automated analysis and detailed quantification of biomedical images using definiens cognition network technology. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 2009;12(9):908–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakels V, van Oostveen JW, Van Der Putte SC, Meijer CJ, Willemze R. Immunophenoty** and gene rearrangement analysis provide additional criteria to differentiate between cutaneous T-cell lymphomas and pseudo-T-cell lymphomas. Am J Pathol. 1997;150(6):1941–9.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballabio E, Mitchell T, van Kester MS, Taylor S, Dunlop HM, Chi J, Tosi I, Vermeer MH, Tramonti D, Saunders NJ, Boultwood J, Wainscoat JS, Pezzella F, Whittaker SJ, Tensen CP, Hatton CS, Lawrie CH. MicroRNA expression in Sezary syndrome: identification, function, and diagnostic potential. Blood. 2010;116(7):1105–13.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barberio E, Thomas L, Skowron F, Balme B, Dalle S. Transformed mycosis fungoides: clinicopathological features and outcome. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(2):284–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barr-Nea L, Sandbank M, Ishay J. Pseudolymphoma of skin induced by oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis) venom. Experientia. 1976;32(12):1564–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batinac T, Zamolo G, Jonjic N, Gruber F, Nacinovic A, Seili-Bekafigo I, Coklo M. Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia following doxycycline administration. Tumori. 2003;89(1):91–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batista DA, Vonderheid EC, Hawkins A, Morsberger L, Long P, Murphy KM, Griffin CA. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (SKY) in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: search for recurrent chromosome abnormalities. Genes Chromosom Cancer. 2006;45(4):383–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Battistella M, Beylot-Barry M, Bachelez H, Rivet J, Vergier B, Bagot M. Primary cutaneous follicular helper T-cell lymphoma: a new subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma reported in a series of 5 cases. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148(7):832–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bayerl MG, Hennessy J, Ehmann WC, Bagg A, Rosamilia L, Clarke LE. Multiple cutaneous monoclonal B-cell proliferations as harbingers of systemic angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37(7):777–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bekkenk MW, Geelen FA, van Voorst Vader PC, Heule F, Geerts ML, van Vloten WA, Meijer CJ, Willemze R. Primary and secondary cutaneous CD30(+) lymphoproliferative disorders: a report from the Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Group on the long-term follow-up data of 219 patients and guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Blood. 2000;95(12):3653–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bekkenk MW, Jansen PM, Meijer CJ, Willemze R. CD56+ hematological neoplasms presenting in the skin: a retrospective analysis of 23 new cases and 130 cases from the literature. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(7):1097–108.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bekkenk MW, Kluin PM, Jansen PM, Meijer CJ, Willemze R. Lymphomatoid papulosis with a natural killer-cell phenotype. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145(2):318–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bekkenk MW, Vermeer MH, Jansen PM, van Marion AM, Canninga-van Dijk MR, Kluin PM, Geerts ML, Meijer CJ, Willemze R. Peripheral T-cell lymphomas unspecified presenting in the skin: analysis of prognostic factors in a group of 82 patients. Blood. 2003;102(6):2213–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bekkenk MW, Willemze R. CD56-positive ‘natural killer’/T-cell lymphoma. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2001;145(31):1524–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beljaards RC, Meijer CJ, Van Der Putte SC, Hollema H, Geerts ML, Bezemer PD, Willemze R. Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: clinicopathological features and prognostic parameters of 35 cases other than mycosis fungoides and CD30-positive large cell lymphoma. J Pathol. 1994;172(1):53–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beltraminelli H, Leinweber B, Kerl H, Cerroni L. Primary cutaneous CD4+ small-/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma: a cutaneous nodular proliferation of pleomorphic T lymphocytes of undetermined significance? A study of 136 cases. Am J Dermatopathol. 2009;31(4):317–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beltraminelli H, Mullegger R, Cerroni L. Indolent CD8+ lymphoid proliferation of the ear: a phenotypic variant of the small-medium pleomorphic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma? J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37(1):81–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bendelac A, Lesavre P, Boitard C, O’Connor NT, Laure F, Laroche L, Teillac D, de Prost Y, Bach JF. Cutaneous pheomorphic T cell lymphoma. Immunologic, virologic, and T-cell receptor gene rearrangement studies in one European case with initial pseudolymphoma presentation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;15(4 Pt 1):657–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benner MF, Ballabio E, van Kester MS, Saunders NJ, Vermeer MH, Willemze R, Lawrie CH, Tensen CP. Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma shows a distinct miRNA expression profile and reveals differences from tumor-stage mycosis fungoides. Exp Dermatol. 2012a;21(8):632–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benner MF, Jansen PM, Meijer CJ, Willemze R. Diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of phenotypic markers TRAF1, MUM1, BCL2 and CD15 in cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161(1):121–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benner MF, Jansen PM, Vermeer MH, Willemze R. Prognostic factors in transformed mycosis fungoides: a retrospective analysis of 100 cases. Blood. 2012b;119(7):1643–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger E, Altiner A, Chu J, Patel R, Sanders S, Latkowski JA. Mycosis fungoides stage IB progressing to cutaneous tumors. Dermatol Online J. 2011;17(10):5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger R, Baranger L, Bernheim A, Valensi F, Flandrin G. Cytogenetics of T-cell malignant lymphoma. Report of 17 cases and review of the chromosomal breakpoints. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1988;36(1):123–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman R. Pseudolymphoma and cutaneous lymphoma: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol. 2010;28(5):568–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berlingeri-Ramos AC, De JG, Sanchez JL, Gonzalez JR. Disease evolution of patients with mycosis fungoides–a report of 30 cases. P R Health Sci J. 2007;26(2):151–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein H, Shupack J, Ackerman B. Cutaneous pseudolymphoma resulting from antigen injections. Arch Dermatol. 1974;110(5):756–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein JE, Soltani K, Lorincz AL. Cutaneous manifestations of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1979;1(3):227–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berti E, Tomasini D, Vermeer MH, Meijer CJ, Alessi E, Willemze R. Primary cutaneous CD8-positive epidermotropic cytotoxic T cell lymphomas. A distinct clinicopathological entity with an aggressive clinical behavior. Am J Pathol. 1999;155(2):483–92.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bignon YJ, Souteyrand P. Genoty** of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas and pseudolymphomas. Curr Probl Dermatol. 1990;19:114–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blank C, Mackensen A. Contribution of the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway to T-cell exhaustion: an update on implications for chronic infections and tumor evasion. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2007;56(5):739–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blazejak T, Holzle E. Phenothiazine-induced pseudolymphoma. Hautarzt. 1990;41(3):161–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bluestone JA, Khattri R, Sciammas R, Sperling AI. TCR gamma delta cells: a specialized T-cell subset in the immune system. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 1995;11:307–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bluestone JA, Matis LA. Are TCR alpha beta cells and TCR gamma delta cells that different? Res Immunol. 1990;141(7):606–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blumental G, Okun MR, Ponitch JA. Pseudolymphomatous reaction to tattoos. Report of three cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1982;6(4 Pt 1):485–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bocquet H, Bagot M, Roujeau JC. Drug-induced pseudolymphoma and drug hypersensitivity syndrome (Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms: DRESS). Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1996;15(4):250–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boehncke WH, Gerdes J, Wiese M, Kaltoft K, Sterry W. A majority of proliferating T cells in cutaneous malignant T cell lymphomas may lack the high affinity IL-2 receptor (CD25). Arch Dermatol Res. 1993;285(3):127–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulland ML, Kanavaros P, Wechsler J, Casiraghi O, Gaulard P. Cytotoxic protein expression in natural killer cell lymphomas and in alpha beta and gamma delta peripheral T-cell lymphomas. J Pathol. 1997;183(4):432–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradford PT, Devesa SS, Anderson WF, Toro JR. Cutaneous lymphoma incidence patterns in the United States: a population-based study of 3884 cases. Blood. 2009;113(21):5064–73.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brodell RT, Santa Cruz DJ. Cutaneous pseudolymphomas. Dermatol Clin. 1985;3(4):719–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brodkin DE, Hobohm DW, Nigam R. Nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma presenting as hemophagocytic syndrome in an 11-year-old Mexican boy. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2008;30(12):938–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown HA, Macon WR, Kurtin PJ, Gibson LE. Cutaneous involvement by angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma with remarkable heterogeneous Epstein-Barr virus expression. J Cutan Pathol. 2001;28(8):432–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burg G, Dummer R, Kempf W. Dyscrasias with “undetermined significance”. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141(3):382–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carreras J, Lopez-Guillermo A, Fox BC, Colomo L, Martinez A, Roncador G, Montserrat E, Campo E, Banham AH. High numbers of tumor-infiltrating FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells are associated with improved overall survival in follicular lymphoma. Blood. 2006;108(9):2957–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carreras J, Lopez-Guillermo A, Roncador G, Villamor N, Colomo L, Martinez A, Hamoudi R, Howat WJ, Montserrat E, Campo E. High numbers of tumor-infiltrating programmed cell death 1-positive regulatory lymphocytes are associated with improved overall survival in follicular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(9):1470–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cepeda LT, Pieretti M, Chapman SF, Horenstein MG. CD30-positive atypical lymphoid cells in common non-neoplastic cutaneous infiltrates rich in neutrophils and eosinophils. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27(7):912–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cerroni L, Gatter K, Kerl H. Skin lymphoma: the illustrated guide. 3rd ed. Hoiboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerroni L, Goteri G. Differential diagnosis between cutaneous lymphoma and pseudolymphoma. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2003;25(4):191–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cerroni L, Peris K, Torlone G, Chimenti S. Immunophenotype of lymphocytic infiltrate in mycosis fungoides at the plaque stage and at the tumor stage. A comparative study. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 1990;125(7–8):313–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cerroni L, Rieger E, Hodl S, Kerl H. Clinicopathologic and immunologic features associated with transformation of mycosis fungoides to large-cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1992;16(6):543–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cetinozman F, Jansen PM, Willemze R. Expression of programmed death-1 in primary cutaneous CD4-positive small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma, cutaneous pseudo-T-cell lymphoma, and other types of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36(1):109–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JK, Sin VC, Ng CS, Lau WH. Cutaneous relapse of nasal T-cell lymphoma clinically mimicking erythema multiforme. Pathology. 1989;21(3):164–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JK, Sin VC, Wong KF, Ng CS, Tsang WY, Chan CH, Cheung MM, Lau WH. Nonnasal lymphoma expressing the natural killer cell marker CD56: a clinicopathologic study of 49 cases of an uncommon aggressive neoplasm. Blood. 1997;89(12):4501–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang SE, Park IJ, Huh J, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. CD56 expression in a case of primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142(4):766–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung MM, Chan JK, Lau WH, Foo W, Chan PT, Ng CS, Ngan RK. Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the nose and nasopharynx: clinical features, tumor immunophenotype, and treatment outcome in 113 patients. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(1):70–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung MM, Chan JK, Wong KF. Natural killer cell neoplasms: a distinctive group of highly aggressive lymphomas/leukemias. Semin Hematol. 2003;40(3):221–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke CB, Krenacs L, Stetler-Stevenson M, Greiner TC, Raffeld M, Kingma DW, Abruzzo L, Frantz C, Kaviani M, Jaffe ES. Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity of cytotoxic gamma delta T-cell origin. Blood. 1996;88(11):4265–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig AJ, Cualing H, Thomas G, Lamerson C, Smith R. Cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis – a syndrome associated with benign and malignant panniculitis: case comparison and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(5 Pt 1):721–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Criscione VD, Weinstock MA. Incidence of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in the United States, 1973–2002. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(7):854–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cualing HD, Zhong E, Moscinski L. “Virtual flow cytometry” of immunostained lymphocytes on microscopic tissue slides: iHCFlow tissue cytometry. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2007;72(1):63–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Leval L, Gaulard P. Pathology and biology of peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Histopathology. 2011;58(1):49–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • del Rio ML, Penuelas-Rivas G, Dominguez-Perles R, Ramirez P, Parrilla P, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI. Antibody-mediated signaling through PD-1 costimulates T cells and enhances CD28-dependent proliferation. Eur J Immunol. 2005;35(12):3545–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delaporte E, Catteau B, Cardon T, Flipo RM, Lecomte-Houcke M, Piette F, Delcambre B, Bergoend H. Cutaneous pseudolymphoma during treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis with low-dose methotrexate. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1995;122(8):521–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diamandidou E, Colome-Grimmer M, Fayad L, Duvic M, Kurzrock R. Transformation of mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome: clinical characteristics and prognosis. Blood. 1998;92(4):1150–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dmitrovsky E, Matthews MJ, Bunn PA, Schechter GP, Makuch RW, Winkler CF, Eddy J, Sausville EA, Ihde DC. Cytologic transformation in cutaneous T cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic entity associated with poor prognosis. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5(2):208–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dogan A, Attygalle AD, Kyriakou C. Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2003;121(5):681–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Droc C, Cualing HD, Kadin ME. Need for an improved molecular/genetic classification for CD30+ lymphomas involving the skin. Cancer Control. 2007;14(2):124–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dukers DF, Vermeer MH, Jaspars LH, Sander CA, Flaig MJ, Vos W, Willemze R, Meijer CJ. Expression of killer cell inhibitory receptors is restricted to true NK cell lymphomas and a subset of intestinal enteropathy-type T cell lymphomas with a cytotoxic phenotype. J Clin Pathol. 2001;54(3):224–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dummer R, Potoczna N, Haffner AC, Zimmermann DR, Gilardi S, Burg G. A primary cutaneous non-T, non-B CD4+, CD56+ lymphoma. Arch Dermatol. 1996;132(5):550–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eckert F, Schmid U, Kaudewitz P, Burg G, Braun-Falco O. Follicular lymphoid hyperplasia of the skin with high content of Ki-1 positive lymphocytes. Am J Dermatopathol. 1989;11(4):345–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edinger JT, Clark BZ, Pucevich BE, Geskin LJ, Swerdlow SH. CD30 expression and proliferative fraction in nontransformed mycosis fungoides. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(12):1860–8.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferenczi K. Could follicular helper T-cells play a role in primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphomas? J Cutan Pathol. 2009;36(6):717–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferran M, Gallardo F, Baena V, Ferrer A, Florensa L, Pujol RM. The ‘deck chair sign’ in specific cutaneous involvement by angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma. Dermatology. 2006;213(1):50–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fink-Puches R, Zenahlik P, Back B, Smolle J, Kerl H, Cerroni L. Primary cutaneous lymphomas: applicability of current classification schemes (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, World Health Organization) based on clinicopathologic features observed in a large group of patients. Blood. 2002;99(3):800–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedmann D, Wechsler J, Delfau MH, Esteve E, Farcet JP, de Muret A, Parneix-Spake A, Vaillant L, Revuz J, Bagot M. Primary cutaneous pleomorphic small T-cell lymphoma. A review of 11 cases. The French Study Group on Cutaneous Lymphomas. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131(9):1009–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frizzera G, Moran EM, Rappaport H. Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis and clinical course. Am J Med. 1975;59(6):803–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallamini A, Stelitano C, Calvi R, Bellei M, Mattei D, Vitolo U, Morabito F, Martelli M, Brusamolino E, Iannitto E, Zaja F, Cortelazzo S, Rigacci L, Devizzi L, Todeschini G, Santini G, Brugiatelli M, Federico M. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma unspecified (PTCL-U): a new prognostic model from a retrospective multicentric clinical study. Blood. 2004;103(7):2474–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallardo F, Barranco C, Toll A, Pujol RM. CD30 antigen expression in cutaneous inflammatory infiltrates of scabies: a dynamic immunophenotypic pattern that should be distinguished from lymphomatoid papulosis. J Cutan Pathol. 2002;29(6):368–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gammon B, Guitart J. Intertriginous mycosis fungoides: a distinct presentation of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that may be caused by malignant follicular helper T cells. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148(9):1040–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Herrera A, Colomo L, Camos M, Carreras J, Balague O, Martinez A, Lopez-Guillermo A, Estrach T, Campo E. Primary cutaneous small/medium CD4+ T-cell lymphomas: a heterogeneous group of tumors with different clinicopathologic features and outcome. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(20):3364–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Herrera A, Song JY, Chuang SS, Villamor N, Colomo L, Pittaluga S, Alvaro T, Rozman M, de Anda GJ, Arrunategui AM, Fernandez E, Gonzalvo E, Estrach T, Colomer D, Raffeld M, Gaulard P, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Martinez A. Nonhepatosplenic gammadelta T-cell lymphomas represent a spectrum of aggressive cytotoxic T-cell lymphomas with a mainly extranodal presentation. Am J Surg Pathol. 2011;35(8):1214–25.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaulard P, Belhadj K, Reyes F. Gammadelta T-cell lymphomas. Semin Hematol. 2003;40(3):233–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaulard P, Berti E, Willemze R, Jaffe ES. Primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, rare subtypes. In: Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, editors. WHO classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. 4th ed. Lyon: IARC; 2008:302–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaulard P, de Leval L. Follicular helper T cells: implications in neoplastic hematopathology. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2011;28(3):202–13.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geraud C, Goerdt S, Klemke CD. Primary cutaneous CD8+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma, ear-type: a unique cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with a favourable prognosis. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(2):456–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Girardi M. Cutaneous biology of gammadelta T cells. Adv Dermatol. 2004;20:203–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gniadecki R. Neoplastic stem cells in cutaneous lymphomas: evidence and clinical implications. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140(9):1156–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gniadecki R, Lukowsky A. Monoclonal T-cell dyscrasia of undetermined significance associated with recalcitrant erythroderma. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141(3):361–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gniadecki R, Rossen K. Expression of T-cell activation marker CD134 (OX40) in lymphomatoid papulosis. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148(5):885–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gniadecki R, Rossen K, Ralfkier E, Thomsen K, Skovgaard GL, Jonsson V. CD56+ lymphoma with skin involvement: clinicopathologic features and classification. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140(4):427–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Go RS, Wester SM. Immunophenotypic and molecular features, clinical outcomes, treatments, and prognostic factors associated with subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: a systematic analysis of 156 patients reported in the literature. Cancer. 2004;101(6):1404–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Good DJ, Gascoyne RD. Atypical lymphoid hyperplasia mimicking lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2009;23(4):729–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gormley RH, Hess SD, Anand D, Junkins-Hopkins J, Rook AH, Kim EJ. Primary cutaneous aggressive epidermotropic CD8+ T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(2):300–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grange F, Hedelin G, Joly P, Beylot-Barry M, D’Incan M, Delaunay M, Vaillant L, Avril MF, Bosq J, Wechsler J, Dalac S, Grosieux C, Franck N, Esteve E, Michel C, Bodemer C, Vergier B, Laroche L, Bagot M. Prognostic factors in primary cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome. The French Study Group on Cutaneous Lymphomas. Blood. 1999;93(11):3637–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greer JP, Salhany KE, Cousar JB, Fields JP, King LE, Graber SE, Flexner JM, Stein RS, Collins RD. Clinical features associated with transformation of cerebriform T-cell lymphoma to a large cell process. Hematol Oncol. 1990;8(4):215–27.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griesser H, Feller AC, Sterry W. T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in cutaneous T-cell-rich pseudolymphomas. J Invest Dermatol. 1990;95(3):292–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grogg KL, Attygalle AD, Macon WR, Remstein ED, Kurtin PJ, Dogan A. Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: a neoplasm of germinal-center T-helper cells? Blood. 2005;106(4):1501–2.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grogg KL, Jung S, Erickson LA, McClure RF, Dogan A. Primary cutaneous CD4-positive small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma: a clonal T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder with indolent behavior. Mod Pathol. 2008;21(6):708–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groves FD, Linet MS, Travis LB, Devesa SS. Cancer surveillance series: non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma incidence by histologic subtype in the United States from 1978 through 1995. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(15):1240–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guitart J, Magro C. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoid dyscrasia: a unifying term for idiopathic chronic dermatoses with persistent T-cell clones. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(7):921–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guitart J, Weisenburger DD, Subtil A, Kim E, Wood G, Duvic M, Olsen E, Junkins-Hopkins J, Rosen S, Sundram U, Ivan D, Selim MA, Pincus L, Deonizio JM, Kwasny M, Kim YH. Cutaneous gammadelta T-cell lymphomas: a spectrum of presentations with overlap with other cytotoxic lymphomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36(11):1656–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Habermann TM, Pittelkow MR. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. In: Abeloff MD, Armitage JO, Niederhuber JE, Kastan MB, McKenna WG, editors. Clinical Oncology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2004:3077–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahtola S, Tuomela S, Elo L, Hakkinen T, Karenko L, Nedoszytko B, Heikkila H, Saarialho-Kere U, Roszkiewicz J, Aittokallio T, Lahesmaa R, Ranki A. Th1 response and cytotoxicity genes are down-regulated in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(16):4812–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hongyo T, Hoshida Y, Nakatsuka S, Syaifudin M, Kojya S, Yang WI, Min YH, Chan H, Kim CH, Harabuchi Y, Himi T, Inuyama M, Aozasa K, Nomura T. p53, K-ras, c-kit and beta-catenin gene mutations in sinonasal NK/T-cell lymphoma in Korea and Japan. Oncol Rep. 2005;13(2):265–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoshida Y, Hongyo T, Jia X, He Y, Hasui K, Dong Z, Luo WJ, Ham MF, Nomura T, Aozasa K. Analysis of p53, K-ras, c-kit, and beta-catenin gene mutations in sinonasal NK/T cell lymphoma in northeast district of China. Cancer Sci. 2003;94(3):297–301.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu S, Young KH, Konoplev SN, Medeiros LJ. Follicular T-cell lymphoma: a member of an emerging family of follicular helper T-cell derived T-cell lymphomas. Hum Pathol. 2012;43(11):1789–98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang CT, Chuang SS. Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma with cutaneous involvement: a case report with subtle histologic changes and clonal T-cell proliferation. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004;128(10):e122–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y, Moreau A, Dupuis J, Streubel B, Petit B, Le Gouill S, Martin-Garcia N, Copie-Bergman C, Gaillard F, Qubaja M, Fabiani B, Roncador G, Haioun C, fau-Larue MH, Marafioti T, Chott A, Gaulard P. Peripheral T-cell lymphomas with a follicular growth pattern are derived from follicular helper T cells (TFH) and may show overlap** features with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(5):682–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubinger G, Muller E, Scheffrahn I, Schneider C, Hildt E, Singer BB, Sigg I, Graf J, Bergmann L. CD30-mediated cell cycle arrest associated with induced expression of p21(CIP1/WAF1) in the anaplastic large cell lymphoma cell line Karpas 299. Oncogene. 2001;20(5):590–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hudak S, Hagen M, Liu Y, Catron D, Oldham E, McEvoy LM, Bowman EP. Immune surveillance and effector functions of CCR10(+) skin homing T cells. J Immunol. 2002;169(3):1189–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishida T, Inagaki H, Utsunomiya A, Takatsuka Y, Komatsu H, Iida S, Takeuchi G, Eimoto T, Nakamura S, Ueda R. CXC chemokine receptor 3 and CC chemokine receptor 4 expression in T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas with special reference to clinicopathological significance for peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(16):5494–500.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishida T, Ueda R. Immunopathogenesis of lymphoma: focus on CCR4. Cancer Sci. 2011;102(1):44–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakob T, Neuber K, Altenhoff J, Kowalzick L, Ring J. Stage-dependent expression of CD7, CD45RO, CD45RA and CD25 on CD4-positive peripheral blood T-lymphocytes in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Acta Derm Venereol. 1996;76(1):34–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenni D, Karpova MB, Seifert B, Golling P, Cozzio A, Kempf W, French LE, Dummer R. Primary cutaneous lymphoma: two-decade comparison in a population of 263 cases from a Swiss tertiary referral centre. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(5):1071–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones D, Dang NH, Duvic M, Washington LT, Huh YO. Absence of CD26 expression is a useful marker for diagnosis of T-cell lymphoma in peripheral blood. Am J Clin Pathol. 2001;115(6):885–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kabelitz D. Analysis of the human T-cell receptor V gamma gene usage by flow cytometry. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995;756:103–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kabelitz D, Glatzel A, Wesch D. Antigen recognition by human gammadelta T lymphocytes. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2000;122(1):1–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kabelitz D, He W. The multifunctionality of human Vgamma9Vdelta2 gammadelta T cells: clonal plasticity or distinct subsets?Scand. J Immunol. 2012;76(3):213–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kabelitz D, Marischen L, Oberg HH, Holtmeier W, Wesch D. Epithelial defence by gamma delta T cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2005;137(1):73–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kabelitz D, Wesch D. Features and functions of gamma delta T lymphocytes: focus on chemokines and their receptors. Crit Rev Immunol. 2003;23(5–6):339–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kadin ME. Cutaneous gamma delta T-cell lymphomas – how and why should they be recognized? Arch Dermatol. 2000;136(8):1052–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kadin ME. Pathobiology of CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. J Cutan Pathol. 2006;33 Suppl 1:10–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kadin ME, Pavlov IY, Delgado JC, Vonderheid EC. High soluble CD30, CD25, and IL-6 may identify patients with worse survival in CD30+ cutaneous lymphomas and early mycosis fungoides. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(3 Pt 1):703–10.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamarashev J, Burg G, Mingari MC, Kempf W, Hofbauer G, Dummer R. Differential expression of cytotoxic molecules and killer cell inhibitory receptors in CD8+ and CD56+ cutaneous lymphomas. Am J Pathol. 2001;158(5):1593–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamarashev J, Theler B, Dummer R, Burg G. Mycosis fungoides–analysis of the duration of disease stages in patients who progress and the time point of high-grade transformation. Int J Dermatol. 2007;46(9):930–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kantekure K, Yang Y, Raghunath P, Schaffer A, Woetmann A, Zhang Q, Odum N, Wasik M. Expression patterns of the immunosuppressive proteins PD-1/CD279 and PD-L1/CD274 at different stages of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma/mycosis fungoides. Am J Dermatopathol. 2012;34(1):126–8.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karenko L, Hahtola S, Ranki A. Molecular cytogenetics in the study of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). Cytogenet Genome Res. 2007;118(2–4):353–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley TW, Parker CJ. CD4 (+)CD25 (+)Foxp3 (+) regulatory T cells and hematologic malignancies. Front Biosci (Sch Ed). 2010;2:980–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempf W, Kazakov DV, Palmedo G, Fraitag S, Schaerer L, Kutzner H. Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta with numerous CD30(+) cells: a variant mimicking lymphomatoid papulosis and other cutaneous lymphomas. A clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular biological study of 13 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36(7):1021–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kempf W, Sander CA. Classification of cutaneous lymphomas – an update. Histopathology. 2010;56(1):57–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kikuchi A, Sakuraoka K, Kurihara S, Akiyama M, Shimizu H, Nishikawa T. CD8+ cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: report of two cases with immunophenoty**, T-cell-receptor gene rearrangement and electron microscopic studies. Br J Dermatol. 1992;126(4):404–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim EJ, Lin J, Junkins-Hopkins JM, Vittorio CC, Rook AH. Mycosis fungoides and sezary syndrome: an update. Curr Oncol Rep. 2006;8(5):376–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim YC, Vandersteen DP. Primary cutaneous pleomorphic small/medium-sized T-cell lymphoma in a young man. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144(4):903–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koch R, Jaffe ES, Mensing C, Zeis M, Schmitz N, Sander CA. Cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2009;7(12):1065–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kulow BF, Cualing H, Steele P, VanHorn J, Breneman JC, Mutasim DF, Breneman DL. Progression of cutaneous B-cell pseudolymphoma to cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. J Cutan Med Surg. 2002;6(6):519–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Krenacs L, Medeiros J, Elenitoba-Johnson KS, Greiner TC, Sorbara L, Kingma DW, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. Subcutaneous panniculitic T-cell lymphoma is a tumor of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Hum Pathol. 1998;29(4):397–403.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurniawan AN, Hongyo T, Hardjolukito ES, Ham MF, Takakuwa T, Kodariah R, Hoshida Y, Nomura T, Aozasa K. Gene mutation analysis of sinonasal lymphomas in Indonesia. Oncol Rep. 2006;15(5):1257–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lai P, Hsiao Y, Hsu J, Wey SJ. Early stage mycosis fungoides with focal CD30-positive large cell transformation. Dermatol Sin. 2013;31(2):73–7. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsi.2012.06.006

  • Landa NG, Zelickson BD, Peters MS, Muller SA, Pittelkow MR. Lymphoma versus pseudolymphoma of the skin: gene rearrangement study of 21 cases with clinicopathologic correlation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;29(6):945–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lanier LL. NK cell recognition. Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:225–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lanier LL, Cwirla S, Federspiel N, Phillips JH. Human natural killer cells isolated from peripheral blood do not rearrange T cell antigen receptor beta chain genes. J Exp Med. 1986;163(1):209–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leinweber B, Beltraminelli H, Kerl H, Cerroni L. Solitary small- to medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell nodules of undetermined significance: clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of 26 cases. Dermatology. 2009;219(1):42–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin CW, Lee WH, Chang CL, Yang JY, Hsu SM. Restricted killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor repertoire without T-cell receptor gamma rearrangement supports a true natural killer-cell lineage in a subset of sinonasal lymphomas. Am J Pathol. 2001;159(5):1671–9.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu HL, Hoppe RT, Kohler S, Harvell JD, Reddy S, Kim YH. CD30+ cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders: the Stanford experience in lymphomatoid papulosis and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(6):1049–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lukes RJ, Collins RD. Immunologic characteristics of human malignant lymphomas. Cancer. 1974;34:1488.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mao X, Lillington D, Scarisbrick JJ, Mitchell T, Czepulkowski B, Russell-Jones R, Young B, Whittaker SJ. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: identification of common genetic alterations in Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147(3):464–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martel P, Laroche L, Courville P, Larroche C, Wechsler J, Lenormand B, Delfau MH, Bodemer C, Bagot M, Joly P. Cutaneous involvement in patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia: a clinical, immunohistological, and molecular analysis. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136(7):881–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McComb ME, Telang GH, Vonderheid EC. Secondary syphilis presenting as pseudolymphoma of the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(2 Suppl Case Reports):S174–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mraz-Gernhard S, Natkunam Y, Hoppe RT, LeBoit P, Kohler S, Kim YH. Natural killer/natural killer-like T-cell lymphoma, CD56+, presenting in the skin: an increasingly recognized entity with an aggressive course. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(8):2179–88.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Natkunam Y, Smoller BR, Zehnder JL, Dorfman RF, Warnke RA. Aggressive cutaneous NK and NK-like T-cell lymphomas: clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular analyses of 12 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23(5):571–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Navas IC, Ortiz-Romero PL, Villuendas R, Martinez P, Garcia C, Gomez E, Rodriguez JL, Garcia D, Vanaclocha F, Iglesias L, Piris MA, Algara P. p16(INK4a) gene alterations are frequent in lesions of mycosis fungoides. Am J Pathol. 2000;156(5):1565–72.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen PS, Riber-Hansen R, Raundahl J, Steiniche T. Automated quantification of MART1-verified Ki67 indices by digital image analysis in melanocytic lesions. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2012;136(6):627–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nofal A, bdel-Mawla MY, Assaf M, Salah E. Primary cutaneous aggressive epidermotropic CD8(+) T-cell lymphoma: proposed diagnostic criteria and therapeutic evaluation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(4):748–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nowell PC, Finan JB, Vonderheid EC. Clonal characteristics of cutaneous T cell lymphomas: cytogenetic evidence from blood, lymph nodes, and skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1982;78(1):69–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • OLIVIER J. Mycosis fungoides a tumeurs d’emblee; remission during 3 1/2 years. Arch Belg Dermatol Syphiligr. 1951;7(3):131–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen E, Vonderheid E, Pimpinelli N, Willemze R, Kim Y, Knobler R, Zackheim H, Duvic M, Estrach T, Lamberg S, Wood G, Dummer R, Ranki A, Burg G, Heald P, Pittelkow M, Bernengo MG, Sterry W, Laroche L, Trautinger F, Whittaker S. Revisions to the staging and classification of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the cutaneous lymphoma task force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Blood. 2007;110(6):1713–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pagano L, Gallamini A, Trape G, Fianchi L, Mattei D, Todeschini G, Spadea A, Cinieri S, Iannitto E, Martelli M, Nosari A, Bona ED, Tosti ME, Petti MC, Falcucci P, Montanaro M, Pulsoni A, Larocca LM, Leone G. NK/T-cell lymphomas ‘nasal type’: an Italian multicentric retrospective survey. Ann Oncol. 2006;17(5):794–800.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pernet G. Drawing and photograph of a case of mycosis fungoides d’emblee. Proc R Soc Med. 1912;5(Dermatol Sect):207–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petrella T, Maubec E, Cornillet-Lefebvre P, Willemze R, Pluot M, Durlach A, Marinho E, Benhamou JL, Jansen P, Robson A, Grange F. Indolent CD8-positive lymphoid proliferation of the ear: a distinct primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma? Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31(12):1887–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pol-Rodriguez MM, Fox LP, Sulis ML, Miller IJ, Garzon MC. Extranodal nasal-type natural killer T-cell lymphoma in an adolescent from Bangladesh. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(5 Suppl):S192–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ponti R, Fierro MT, Quaglino P, Lisa B, Paola FC, Michela O, Paolo F, Comessatti A, Novelli M, Bernengo MG. TCRgamma-chain gene rearrangement by PCR-based GeneScan: diagnostic accuracy improvement and clonal heterogeneity analysis in multiple cutaneous T-cell lymphoma samples. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128(4):1030–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ponti R, Quaglino P, Novelli M, Fierro MT, Comessatti A, Peroni A, Bonello L, Bernengo MG. T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement by multiplex polymerase chain reaction/heteroduplex analysis in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome) and benign inflammatory disease: correlation with clinical, histological and immunophenotypical findings. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153(3):565–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pringle JJ. Mycosis Fungoides a Tumeurs d’Emblee. Proc R Soc Med. 1914;7(Dermatol Sect):155–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F, Moguel LR, Spilove L, Beaty MW, Kingma DW, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma with Reed-Sternberg-like cells of B-cell phenotype and genotype associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23(10):1233–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quintanilla-Martinez L, Preffer F, Rubin D, Ferry JA, Harris NL. CD20+ T-cell lymphoma. Neoplastic transformation of a normal T-cell subset. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;102(4):483–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rezania D, Sokol L, Cualing HD. Classification and treatment of rare and aggressive types of peripheral T-cell/natural killer-cell lymphomas of the skin. Cancer Control. 2007;14(2):112–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rijlaarsdam JU, Scheffer E, Meijer CJ, Willemze R. Cutaneous pseudo-T-cell lymphomas. A clinicopathologic study of 20 patients. Cancer. 1992;69(3):717–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rijlaarsdam JU, Willemze R. Cutaneous pseudolymphomas: classification and differential diagnosis. Semin Dermatol. 1994;13(3):187–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rizvi MA, Evens AM, Tallman MS, Nelson BP, Rosen ST. T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2006;107(4):1255–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez Pinilla SM, Roncador G, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Mollejo M, Garcia JF, Montes-Moreno S, Camacho FI, Ortiz P, Limeres-Gonzalez MA, Torres A, Campo E, Navarro-Conde P, Piris MA. Primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma expresses follicular T-cell markers. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(1):81–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Pinilla SM, Ortiz-Romero PL, Monsalvez V, Tomas IE, Almagro M, Sevilla A, Camacho G, Longo MI, Pulpillo A, Az-Perez JA, Montes-Moreno S, Castro Y, Echevarria B, Trebol I, Gonzalez C, Sanchez L, Otin AP, Requena L, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Cerroni L, Piris MA. TCR-gamma expression in primary cutaneous T-cell Lymphomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013;37(3):375–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roullet M, Gheith SM, Mauger J, Junkins-Hopkins JM, Choi JK. Percentage of {gamma}{delta} T cells in panniculitis by paraffin immunohistochemical analysis. Am J Clin Pathol. 2009;131(6):820–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudiger T, Weisenburger DD, Anderson JR, Armitage JO, Diebold J, Maclennan KA, Nathwani BN, Ullrich F, Muller-Hermelink HK. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (excluding anaplastic large-cell lymphoma): results from the Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Classification Project. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(1):140–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salhany KE, Cousar JB, Greer JP, Casey TT, Fields JP, Collins RD. Transformation of cutaneous T cell lymphoma to large cell lymphoma. A clinicopathologic and immunologic study. Am J Pathol. 1988;132(2):265–77.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salhany KE, Macon WR, Choi JK, Elenitsas R, Lessin SR, Felgar RE, Wilson DM, Przybylski GK, Lister J, Wasik MA, Swerdlow SH. Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic, and genotypic analysis of alpha/beta and gamma/delta subtypes. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;22(7):881–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sallah S, Gagnon GA. Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia: emphasis on pathogenesis and treatment. Acta Haematol. 1998;99(2):57–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santucci M, Pimpinelli N, Massi D, et al. Cytotoxic/natural killer cell cutaneous lymphomas. Report of EORTC Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force Workshop. Cancer 2003;97:610–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savage KJ, Chhanabhai M, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM. Characterization of peripheral T-cell lymphomas in a single North American institution by the WHO classification. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(10):1467–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savage NM, Johnson RC, Natkunam Y. The spectrum of lymphoblastic, nodal and extranodal T-cell lymphomas: characteristic features and diagnostic dilemmas. Hum Pathol. 2012;44(4):451–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savoia P, Fierro MT, Novelli M, Quaglino P, Verrone A, Geuna M, Bernengo MG. CD56-positive cutaneous lymphoma: a poorly recognized entity in the spectrum of primary cutaneous disease. Br J Dermatol. 1997;137(6):966–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scarisbrick JJ, Mitchell TJ, Calonje E, Orchard G, Russell-Jones R, Whittaker SJ. Microsatellite instability is associated with hypermethylation of the hMLH1 gene and reduced gene expression in mycosis fungoides. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121(4):894–901.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scarisbrick JJ, Woolford AJ, Calonje E, Photiou A, Ferreira S, Orchard G, Russell-Jones R, Whittaker SJ. Frequent abnormalities of the p15 and p16 genes in mycosis fungoides and sezary syndrome. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;118(3):493–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siu LL, Wong KF, Chan JK, Kwong YL. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of natural killer cell lymphoma/leukemia. Recognition of consistent patterns of genetic alterations. Am J Pathol. 1999;155(5):1419–25.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smithberger ES, Rezania D, Chavan RN, Lien MH, Cualing HD, Messina JL. Primary cutaneous angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma histologically mimicking an inflammatory dermatosis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(7):851–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smolle J, Torne R, Soyer HP, Kerl H. Immunohistochemical classification of cutaneous pseudolymphomas: delineation of distinct patterns. J Cutan Pathol. 1990;17(3):149–59.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sterry W. Criteria for the differentiation of pseudolymphomas and malignant lymphomas of the skin. Z Hautkr. 1986;61(10):705–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sterry W, Siebel A, Mielke V. HTLV-1-negative pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma of the skin: the clinicopathological correlations and natural history of 15 patients. Br J Dermatol. 1992;126(5):456–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez-Vilela D, Izquierdo-Garcia FM. Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like T-cell lymphoma: cutaneous clinical onset with prominent granulomatous reaction. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27(5):699–700.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suchak R, O’Connor S, McNamara C, Robson A. Indolent CD8-positive lymphoid proliferation on the face: part of the spectrum of primary cutaneous small-/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma or a distinct entity? J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37(9):977–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Summers E, Samadashwily G, Florell SR. A unique presentation of an Epstein-Barr virus-associated natural killer/T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder in a white male adolescent. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(2):216–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki R, Suzumiya J, Yamaguchi M, Nakamura S, Kameoka J, Kojima H, Abe M, Kinoshita T, Yoshino T, Iwatsuki K, Kagami Y, Tsuzuki T, Kurokawa M, Ito K, Kawa K, Oshimi K. Prognostic factors for mature natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms: aggressive NK cell leukemia and extranodal NK cell lymphoma, nasal type. Ann Oncol. 2010a;21(5):1032–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki SY, Ito K, Ito M, Kawai K. Prognosis of 100 Japanese patients with mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. J Dermatol Sci. 2010b;57(1):37–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swerdlow SJ, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri S, Stein H, Thiele J, Vardiman JW, editors. WHO classification of tumors of haematopoieitic and lymphoid tissues, 4th ed. Lyon: IARC press; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swick BL, Baum CL, Venkat AP, Liu V. Indolent CD8+ lymphoid proliferation of the ear: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol. 2011;38(2):209–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi N, Miura I, Chubachi A, Miura AB, Nakamura S. A clinicopathological study of 20 patients with T/natural killer (NK)-cell lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome with special reference to nasal and nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma. Int J Hematol. 2001;74(3):303–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tallon B, Kaddu S, Cerroni L, Kerl H, Aberer E. Pseudolymphomatous tumid lupus erythematosus of the oral mucosa. Am J Dermatopathol. 2010;32(7):704–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toro JR, Beaty M, Sorbara L, Turner ML, White J, Kingma DW, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. gamma delta T-cell lymphoma of the skin: a clinical, microscopic, and molecular study. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136(8):1024–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toro JR, Liewehr DJ, Pabby N, Sorbara L, Raffeld M, Steinberg SM, Jaffe ES. Gamma-delta T-cell phenotype is associated with significantly decreased survival in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2003;101(9):3407–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tracey L, Villuendas R, Dotor AM, Spiteri I, Ortiz P, Garcia JF, Peralto JL, Lawler M, Piris MA. Mycosis fungoides shows concurrent deregulation of multiple genes involved in the TNF signaling pathway: an expression profile study. Blood. 2003;102(3):1042–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tracey L, Villuendas R, Ortiz P, Dopazo A, Spiteri I, Lombardia L, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Fernandez-Herrera J, Hernandez A, Fraga J, Dominguez O, Herrero J, Alonso MA, Dopazo J, Piris MA. Identification of genes involved in resistance to interferon-alpha in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Am J Pathol. 2002;161(5):1825–37.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuchiya T, Ohshima K, Karube K, Yamaguchi T, Suefuji H, Hamasaki M, Kawasaki C, Suzumiya J, Tomonaga M, Kikuchi M. Th1, Th2, and activated T-cell marker and clinical prognosis in peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified: comparison with AILD, ALCL, lymphoblastic lymphoma, and ATLL. Blood. 2004;103(1):236–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urosevic M, Kamarashev J, Burg G, Dummer R. Primary cutaneous CD8+ and CD56+ T-cell lymphomas express HLA-G and killer-cell inhibitory ligand, ILT2. Blood. 2004;103(5):1796–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Putte SC, Toonstra J, Felten PC, van Vloten WA. Solitary nonepidermotropic T cell pseudolymphoma of the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;14(3):444–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Kester MS, Ballabio E, Benner MF, Chen XH, Saunders NJ, van der Fits L, van Doorn R, Vermeer MH, Willemze R, Tensen CP, Lawrie CH. miRNA expression profiling of mycosis fungoides. Mol Oncol. 2011;5(3):273–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Kester MS, Borg MK, Zoutman WH, Out-Luiting JJ, Jansen PM, Dreef EJ, Vermeer MH, van Doorn R, Willemze R, Tensen CP. A meta-analysis of gene expression data identifies a molecular signature characteristic for tumor-stage mycosis fungoides. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(8):2050–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Kester MS, Tensen CP, Vermeer MH, Dijkman R, Mulder AA, Szuhai K, Willemze R, van Doorn R. Cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma NOS show distinct chromosomal alterations and differential expression of chemokine receptors and apoptosis regulators. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130(2):563–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Doorn R, Van Haselen CW, van Voorst V, Geerts ML, Heule F, de Rie M, Steijlen PM, Dekker SK, van Vloten WA, Willemze R. Mycosis fungoides: disease evolution and prognosis of 309 Dutch patients. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136(4):504–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vergier B, de Muret A, Beylot-Barry M, Vaillant L, Ekouevi D, Chene G, Carlotti A, Franck N, Dechelotte P, Souteyrand P, Courville P, Joly P, Delaunay M, Bagot M, Grange F, Fraitag S, Bosq J, Petrella T, Durlach A, de Mascarel A, Merlio JP, Wechsler J. Transformation of mycosis fungoides: clinicopathological and prognostic features of 45 cases. French Study Group of Cutaneious Lymphomas. Blood. 2000;95(7):2212–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Von Den DP, Coors EA. Localized cutaneous small to medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma: a report of 3 cases stable for years. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(4):531–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vonderheid EC, Tam DW, Johnson WC, Van Scott EJ, Wallner PE. Prognostic significance of cytomorphology in the cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Cancer. 1981;47(1):119–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wain EM, Orchard GE, Mayou S, Atherton DJ, Misch KJ, Russell-Jones R. Mycosis fungoides with a CD56+ immunophenotype. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(1):158–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Han R, Hancock WW. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 are required for allograft tolerance. Eur J Immunol. 2007;37(10):2983–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wasik MA, Vonderheid EC, Bigler RD, Marti R, Lessin SR, Polansky M, Kadin ME. Increased serum concentration of the soluble interleukin-2 receptor in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Clinical and prognostic implications. Arch Dermatol. 1996;132(1):42–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Went P, Agostinelli C, Gallamini A, Piccaluga PP, Ascani S, Sabattini E, Bacci F, Falini B, Motta T, Paulli M, Artusi T, Piccioli M, Zinzani PL, Pileri SA. Marker expression in peripheral T-cell lymphoma: a proposed clinical-pathologic prognostic score. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(16):2472–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willemze R, Jaffe ES, Burg G, Cerroni L, Berti E, Swerdlow SH, Ralfkiaer E, Chimenti S, az-Perez JL, Duncan LM, Grange F, Harris NL, Kempf W, Kerl H, Kurrer M, Knobler R, Pimpinelli N, Sander C, Santucci M, Sterry W, Vermeer MH, Wechsler J, Whittaker S, Meijer CJ. WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood. 2005;105(10):3768–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams VL, Torres-Cabala CA, Duvic M. Primary cutaneous small- to medium-sized CD4+ pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma: a retrospective case series and review of the provisional cutaneous lymphoma category. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2011;12(6):389–401.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wirt DP, Grogan TM, Jolley CS, Rangel CS, Payne CM, Hansen RC, Lynch PJ, Schuchardt M. The immunoarchitecture of cutaneous pseudolymphoma. Hum Pathol. 1985;16(5):492–510.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe JT, Chooback L, Finn DT, Jaworsky C, Rook AH, Lessin SR. Large-cell transformation following detection of minimal residual disease in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: molecular and in situ analysis of a single neoplastic T-cell clone expressing the identical T-cell receptor. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13(7):1751–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood GS. Analysis of clonality in cutaneous T cell lymphoma and associated diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;941:26–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood GS, Bahler DW, Hoppe RT, Warnke RA, Sklar JL, Levy R. Transformation of mycosis fungoides: T-cell receptor beta gene analysis demonstrates a common clonal origin for plaque-type mycosis fungoides and CD30+ large-cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol. 1993;101(3):296–300.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood PB, Parikh SR, Krause JR. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2011;24(3):251–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wozniak MB, Tracey L, Ortiz-Romero PL, Montes S, Alvarez M, Fraga J, Fernandez HJ, Vidal S, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Piris MA, Villuendas DR. Psoralen plus ultraviolet A +/− interferon-alpha treatment resistance in mycosis fungoides: the role of tumour microenvironment, nuclear transcription factor-kappaB and T-cell receptor pathways. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160(1):92–102.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yao X, Teruya-Feldstein J, Raffeld M, Sorbara L, Jaffe ES. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma with aberrant expression of CD79a and CD20: a diagnostic pitfall. Mod Pathol. 2001;14(2):105–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu JB, Blitzblau RC, Decker RH, Housman DM, Wilson LD. Analysis of primary CD30+ cutaneous lymphoproliferative disease and survival from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(9):1483–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Nowak I, Vonderheid EC, Rook AH, Kadin ME, Nowell PC, Shaw LM, Wasik MA. Activation of Jak/STAT proteins involved in signal transduction pathway mediated by receptor for interleukin 2 in malignant T lymphocytes derived from cutaneous anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma and Sezary syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(17):9148–53.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zucca E, Zinzani PL. Understanding the group of peripheral T-cell lymphomas, unspecified. Curr Hematol Rep. 2005;4(1):23–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hematopathology and Cutaneous Lymphoma, IHCFLOW Diagnostic Laboratory, 18804 Chaville Rd, Lutz, FL, 33558, USA

    Hernani D. Cualing MD

  2. Department of Pathology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA

    Michael B. Morgan MD

  3. Department of Dermatology, Michigan State University College of Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA

    Michael B. Morgan MD

  4. Primary Care Diagnostics Institute, Quest Diagnostics, Palm Beach Gardens, FL, USA

    Michael B. Morgan MD

  5. Tampa, Pensacola and Atlanta Dermpath Diagnostics, Tampa, FL, USA

    Michael B. Morgan MD

  6. Department of Dermatology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA

    Marshall E. Kadin MD

Authors
  1. Hernani D. Cualing MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael B. Morgan MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marshall E. Kadin MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hernani D. Cualing MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hematopathology, IHCFLOW Diagnostic Laboratory, Lutz, Florida, USA

    Hernani D. Cualing

  2. Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

    Marshall E. Kadin

  3. Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Mai P. Hoang

  4. Pensacola and Atlanta Dermpath Diagnostics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Michael B. Morgan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cualing, H.D., Morgan, M.B., Kadin, M.E. (2014). Neoplastic Nodular T-Cell Pattern: An Approach to Diagnosis of Neoplastic Nodular T-Cell Lymphomas of the Skin. In: Cualing, H., Kadin, M., Hoang, M., Morgan, M. (eds) Cutaneous Hematopathology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0950-6_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0950-6_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-0949-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0950-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation