Abstract
Although liquid column chromatography (LC) had been used as a means of chemical separation for many years prior to 1969, it was not accepted as a method useful for rapid, routine analysis, due to the relatively long times required to achieve resolution. Significant theoretical and technological advances have since been made in this field, and excellent separations can now be achieved within a few minutes using high-efficiency LC column packings. Liquid chromatography offers many advantages over gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) in that no restrictions are placed on the size, volatility, or thermal stability of the sample molecules. In addition, LC offers tremendous flexibility in the choice of mobile and stationary phases such that most sample components can be conveniently resolved using some appropriate combination of mobile and stationary phases.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J.J. Kirkland, Preferred experimental conditions for trace analysis by modern liquid chromatography, Analyst, 99, 859–885 (1974).
C. N. Reilley, G. P. Hildebrand, and J. W. Ashley, Jr., Gas chromatographic response as a function of sample input profile, Anal. Chem., 34, 1198–1212 (1962).
P. T. Kissinger, C. S. Brundett, G. C. Davis, L. J. Felice, R. M. Riggin, and R. E. Shoup, Recent developments in the clinical assessment of aromatic metabolism by high-performance reverse-phase chromatography with amperometric detection Clin. Chem., 23, 1449–1455 (1977).
R. M. Riggin and P. T. Kissinger, Determination of catecholamines in urine by reverse-phase liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, Anal. Chem., 49, 2109–2111 (1977).
I. G. McWilliam and H. C. Bolton, Instrumental peak distortion. I. Relaxation time effects, Anal. Chem., 41, 1755–1762 (1969).
I. G. McWilliam and H. C. Bolton, Instrumental peak distortion. III. The analysis of overlap** curves, Anal. Chem., 43, 883–889 (1971).
H. M. Gladney, B. F. Dowden, and J. D. Swalen, Computer assisted gas-liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 41, 883–888 (1969).
W. W. Yau, Characterizing skewed chromatographic band broadening, Anal. Chem. 49, 395–403 (1977).
R. E. Pauls and L. B. Rogers, Band broadening studies using parameters for an exponentially modified Gaussian, Anal. Chem., 49, 625–628 (1977).
E. Grushka, Characterization of exponentially modified Gaussian peaks in chromatography, Anal. Chem., 44, 1733–1738 (1972).
B. L. Karger, M. Martin, and G. Guiochon, Role of column parameters and injection volume on detection limits in liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 46, 1640–1647 (1974).
J. C. Sternberg, in: Advances in Chromatography (J. C. Giddings and R. A. Keller, eds.), Vol. 2, pp. 205–270, Marcel Dekker, New York (1966).
P. R. Griffiths, Recent applications of FT-IR spectrometry in chemical and environmental analysis, Appl. Spectrosc, 31, 497–505 (1977).
J. H. Ross and M. E. Casto, A method for high-temperature exclusion chromatography of polyethylenes, J. Polym. Sci. C, 21, 143–152 (1968).
R. Yost, J. Stoveken, and W. MacLean, Positive peak identification in LC using absorbance ratioing with a variable-wavelength spectrophotometric detector, J. Chromatogr., 134, 73–82 (1977).
R. N. Smith and M. Zetlein, Use of dual-wavelength detection in high-pressure liquid chromatography for the quantitative determination of unresolved or partially resolved compounds, J. Chromatogr., 130, 314–317 (1977).
R. G. Berg, C. Y. Ko, J. M. demons, and H. M. McNair, Characterization of unresolved components in high pressure liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 47, 2480–2482 (1975).
J. N. Little and G. J. Fallick, New considerations in detector-application relationships, J. Chromatogr., 112, 389–397 (1975).
J. M. Essigman and N. Catsimpoolas, Simple derivative mode detector for LC, J. Chromatogr., 103, 7–13 (1975).
A. Bylina, D. Sybilska, Z. R. Grabowski, and J. Koszewski, Rapid scanning spectrophotometry as a new system in chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 83, 357–362 (1973).
M. S. Denton, T. P. DeAngelis, A. M. Yacynych, W. R. Heineman, and T. W. Gilbert, Oscillating mirror rapid scanning ultraviolet-visible spectrometer as a detector for liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 48, 20–24 (1976).
A. McDowell and H. L. Pardue, Application of a vidicon tube as a multiwavelength detector for liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 48, 1815–1817 (1976).
K. M. Aldous and J. S. Garden, The use of a linear photodiode array in a multichannel detector for liquid chromatography, Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy (March 1975), Paper #434.
R. E. Dessy, W. G. Nunn, C. A. Titus, and W. R. Reynolds, Linear photodiode array spectrometers as detector systems in automated liquid chromatographs, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 14, 195–200 (1976).
M. J. Milano, S. Lam, and E. Grushka, Rapid scanning diode array as a multi-wavelength detector in liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr., 125, 315–326 (1976).
M. J. Milano and E. Grushka, Diode array detector in liquid chromatography, II. Enhanced sensitivity via first derivative (dA/dλ) chromatograms, J. Chromatogr., 133, 352–354 (1977).
Varian varichrom product literature, SEP-2005.
C. Bollet and M. Caude, Séparation par Chromatographie en phase liquide rapide des dérivés phénylthiohydantoine des amino-acides rencontrées lors de la dégradation d’Edman, J. Chromatogr., 121, 323–328 (1976).
C. L. Zimmerman, E. Appella, and J. J. Pisano, Advances in the analysis of amino acid phenylthiohydantoins by high performance liquid chromatography, Anal. Biochem., 75, 77–85 (1976).
I. Kato, W. J. Kohr, and M. Laskowski, Limited proteolyses of ovomucoids caused by staphylococcal proteinase, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Abstract #2592 (1977).
J. F. Lawrence and R. W. Frei, Chemical Derivatization in Liquid Chromatography, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1976).
N. G. Anderson, R. H. Stevens, and J. W. Holleman, Analytical techniques for cell fractions. X. High-pressure ninhydrin reaction system, A nal. Biochem., 26, 104–117 (1968).
P. J. Lamothe and P. G. McCormick, Role of hydrindantin in the determination of amino acids using ninhydrin, Anal. Chem., 45, 1906–1911 (1973).
R. A. Henry, J. A. Schmit, and J. F. Dieckman, The analysis of steroids and derivatized steroids by high speed liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 9, 513–520 (1971).
F. A. Fitzpatrick, S. Siggia, and J. Dingman, Sr., High speed liquid chromatography of derivatized urinary 17-keto steroids, Anal. Chem., 44, 2211–2216 (1972).
M. A. Carey and H. E. Persinger, Liquid chromatographic determination of traces of aliphatic carbonyl compounds and glycols as derivatives that contain the dinitrophenyl group. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 10, 537–543 (1972).
L. J. Papa and L. P. Turner, Chromatographic determination of carbonyl compounds as their 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones II. High pressure liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 10, 747–750 (1972).
I. R. Politzer, G. W. Griffin, B. J. Dowty, and J. L. Laseter, Enhancement of ultraviolet detectability of fatty acids for purposes of liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis, Anal. Lett., 6, 539–546 (1973).
D. R. Knapp and S. Krueger, Use of O-p-nitrobenzyl-N,N′-diisopropylisourea as a chromogenic reagent for liquid chromatographic analysis of carboxylic acids, Anal. Lett., 8, 603–610(1975).
H. D. Durst, M. Milano, E. J. Kikta, Jr., S. A. Connelly, and E. Grushka, Phenacyl esters of fatty acids via crown ether catalysis for enhanced ultraviolet detection in liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 47, 1797–1801 (1975).
E. Grushka, H. D. Durst, and E. J. Kikta, Jr., Liquid chromatographic separation and detection of nanogram quantities of biologically important dicarboxylic acids, J. Chromatogr., 112, 673–678 (1975).
R. F. Borch, Separation of long chain fatty acids as phenacyl esters by high pressure liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 47, 2437–2439 (1975).
N. E. Hoffman and J. C. Liao, High pressure liquid chromatography of p-methox-yanilides of fatty acids, Anal. Chem., 48, 1104–1106, (1976).
W. Morozowich and S. L. Douglas, Resolution of prostaglandin p-nitrophenacyl esters by liquid chromatography and conditions for rapid, quantitative p-nitrophen-acylation, Prostaglandins, 10, 19–40 (1975).
M. V. Merritt and G. E. Bronson, High-performance liquid chromatography of p-nitrophenacyl esters of selected prostaglandins on silver ion-loaded microparticualte cation-exchange resin, Anal. Biochem., 80, 392–400 (1977).
W. Morozowich and S. L. Douglas, Detection of prostaglandins by HPLC after conversion to p-(9-anthroyloxy)phenacyl esters, Anal. Chem., submitted.
L. H. Thacker, A miniature flow fluorometer for liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 73, 117–123 (1972).
J. C. Steichen, A dual-purpose absorbance fluorescence detector for high-pressure liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 104, 39–45 (1975).
F. Martin, J. Maine, C. C. Sweeley, and J. F. Holland, A novel fluorescence detector for high-performance liquid chromatography, Clin. Chem., 22, 1434–1437 (1976).
W. Slavin, A. T. Williams, and R. F. Adams, A fluorescence detector for HPLC, J. Chromatogr., 134, 121–130 (1977).
G.J. Diebold and R. N. Zare, Laser fluorimetry: Subpicogram detection of anatoxins using high-pressure liquid chromatography, Science, 196, 1439–1441 (1977).
M. J. Sepaniak and E. S. Yeung, Laser two-photon excited fluorescence detection for high pressure liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 49, 1554–1556 (1977).
M.J. Wirth and F. E. Lytie, Two-photon excited molecular fluorescence in optically dense media, Anal. Chem., 49, 2054–2057 (1977).
H. Hatano, Y. Yamamoto, M. Saito, E. Mochida, and S. Watanabe, A high speed liquid Chromatograph with a flow-spectrofluorimetric detector and the ultramicro-determination of aromatic compounds, J. Chromatogr., 83, 373–380 (1973).
E. D. Pellizari and C. M. Sparacino, Scanning fluorescence spectrometry combined with ultraviolet detection of high pressure liquid chromatographic effluents, Anal. Chem., 45, 378–381 (1973).
J. R. Jadamec, W. A. Saner, and Y. Talmi, Optical multichannel analyzer for characterization of fluorescent liquid chromatographic petroleum fractions, Anal. Chem., 49, 1316–1321 (1977).
I. M. Warner, J. B. Callis, E. R. Davidson, and G. D. Christian, Multicomponent analysis in clinical chemistry by use of rapid scanning fluorescence spectroscopy, Clin. Chem., 22, 1483–1492 (1976).
J. F. McKay and D. R. Latham, Fluorescence spectrometry in the characterization of high-boiling petroleum distillates, Anal. Chem., 44, 2132–2137 (1972).
M. A. Fox and S. W. Staley, Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate matter by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence techniques, Anal. Chem., 48, 992–998 (1976).
J. A. Robertson, W. A. Pons, Jr., and L. A. Goldblatt, Preparation of aflatoxins and determination of their ultraviolet and fluorescent characteristics, J. Agric. Food Chem., 15, 798–801 (1967).
J. Chelkowski, Spectral behavior of aflatoxins in different solvents, Photochem. Photobiol., 20, 279–280 (1974).
W. Przybylski, Formation of anatoxin derivatives on thin layer chromatographic plates, J. Assoc.Off. Anal. Chem., 58, 163–164 (1975).
W. A. Pons, Jr., Resolution of aflatoxins Bl5 B2, G1 and G2 by high-pressure liquid chromatography J.Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 59, 101–105 (1976).
R. C. Garner, Aflatoxin separation by high-pressure liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 103, 186–188 (1975).
L. M. Seitz, Comparison of methods for aflatoxin analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 104, 81–89 (1975).
D. M. Takahashi, Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analytical system for aflatoxins in wines with fluorescence detection, J. Chromatogr., 131, 147–156 (1977).
S. Udenfriend, S. Stein, P. Bohlen, W. Dairman, W. Leimgruber, and M. Weigele, Fluorescamine: A reagent for assay of amino acids, peptides, proteins and primary amines in the picomole range, Science, 178, 871–872 (1972).
S. DeBernardo, M. Weigele, V. Toome, K. Manhart, and W. Leimgruber, Studies on the kinetics of reaction and hydrolysis of fluorescamine, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 163, 400–403 (1974).
R. W. Frei, L. Michel, and W. Santi, Post-column fluorescence derivatization of peptides: Problems and potential in high-performance liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 126, 665–677 (1976).
J. A. F. de Silva and N. Strojny, Spectrofluorometric determination of pharmaceuticals containing aromatic or aliphatic primary amino groups as their fluorescamine (fluram) derivatives, Anal. Chem., 47, 714–718 (1975).
K. Samejima, Separation of fluorescamine derivatives of aliphatic diamines and polyamines by high-speed liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 96, 250–254 (1974).
K. Imai, Fluorometric assay of dopamine, norepinephrine and their 3-O-methyl metabolites by using fluorescamine, J. Chromatogr., 105, 135–140 (1975).
M. Roth, Fluorescence reaction for amino acids, Anal. Chem., 43, 880–882 (1971).
S. S. Simons, Jr., and D. F. Johnson, The structure of the fluorescent adduct formed in the reaction of o-phthalaldehyde and thiols with amines, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 98, 7098–7099 (1976).
J. L. Meek, Application of inexpensive equipment for high pressure liquid chromatography to assays for taurine, γ-amino butyric acid and 5-hydroxytryptophan, Anal. Chem., 48, 375–379 (1976).
E. Bayer, E. Grom, B. Kaltenegger, and R. Uhmann, Separation of amino acids by high performance liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 48, 1106–1109 (1976).
R. W. Frei, W. Santi, and M. Thomas, Liquid chromatography of dansyl derivatives of some alkaloids and the application to the analysis of pharmaceuticals, J. Chromatogr., 116, 365–377 (1976).
R. W. Frei, J. F. Lawrence, J. Hope, and R. M. Cassidy, Analysis of carbamate insecticides by fluorogenic labeling and high-speed liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 12, 40–44 (1974).
W. Dunges, High pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of barbituates in the picomole range by fluorometry of their DANS-derivatives, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 12, 655–657 (1974).
N. E. Newton, K. Ohno, and M. M. Abdel-Monem, Determination of diamines and polyamines in tissues by high-pressure liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 124, 277–285 (1976).
S. Katz, W. W. Pitt, Jr., and G. Jones, Jr., Sensitive fluorescence monitoring of aromatic acids after anion-exchange chromatography of body fluids, Clin. Chem., 19, 817–820 (1973).
S. Katz, W. W. Pitt, Jr., and J. E. Mrochek, Comparative serum and urine analyses by dual detector anion-exchange chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 104, 303–310 (1975).
A. W. Wolkoff and R. H. Larose, A highly sensitive technique for the LC analysis of phenols and other environmental pollutants, J. Chromatogr., 99, 731–743 (1974).
P. A. Asmus, J. W. Jorgenson, and M. Novotny, Fluorescence enhancement, new selective detection principle for liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 126, 317–325 (1976).
H. Small, T. S. Stevens, and W. C. Bauman, Novel ion exchange method using conductimetric detection, Anal. Chem., 47, 1801–1809 (1975).
C. Anderson, Ion chromatography: A new technique for clinical chemistry, Clin. Chem., 22, 1424–1426 (1976).
D. C. Johnson and J. Larochelle, Forced-flow liquid chromatography with a coulometric detector, Talanta, 20, 959–971 (1973).
R. J. Davenport and D. C. Johnson, Determination of nitrate and nitrite by forced-flow liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, Anal. Chem., 46 1971–1978 (1974).
L. R. Taylor and D. C. Johnson, Determination of antimony using forced-flow liquid chromatography with a coulometric detector, Anal. Chem., 46, 262–266 (1974).
U. R. Tjaden, J. Lankelma, H. Poppe, and G. Munsze, Anodic coulometric detection with a glassy carbon electrode in combination with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 125, 275–286 (1976).
J. Lankelma and H. Poppe, Design and characterization of a coulometric detector with glassy carbon electrode for high-performance liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 125, 375–378 (1976).
P. T. Kissinger, C. J. Refshauge, R. Dreiling, L. Blank, R. Freeman, and R. N. Adams, An electrochemical detector for liquid chromatography with picogram sensitivity, Anal. Lett., 6, 465–477 (1973).
B. Fleet and C. J. Litde, Design and evaluation of electrochemical detectors for HPLC, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 12, 747–152 (1974).
R. E. Shoup and P. T. Kissinger, A versatile thin-layer detector cell for high performance liquid chromatography, Chem. Instrum., 7, 171–177 (1976).
M. Karolczak, R. Dreiling, R. N. Adams, L. J. Felice, and P. T. Kissinger, Electrochemical techniques for study of phenolic natural products and drugs in microliter volumes, Anal. Lett., 9, 783–793 (1976).
S. C. Rifkin and D. H. Evans, Analytical evaluation of differential pulse voltammetry at stationary electrodes using computer-based instrumentation, Anal. Chem., 48, 2174–2180 (1976).
D. G. Swartzfager, Amperometric and differential pulse voltammetric detection in high performance liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 48, 2189–2192 (1976).
C. L. Blank, Dual electrochemical detector for liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 117, 35–46 (1976).
R. Keller, A. Oke, I. Mefford, and R. N. Adams, Liquid chromatographic analysis of catecholamines. Routine assay for regional brain map**, Life Sci., 19, 995–1004 (1976).
R. E. Shoup and P. T. Kissinger, Determination of urinary normetanephrine, metanephrine, and 3-methoxytyramine utilizing liquid chromatography with amperometric detection, Clin. Chem., 23, 1268–1274 (1977).
P. H. Zoutendam, C. S. Bruntlett, and P. T. Kissinger, Determination of homogentisic acid in serum and urine by liquid chromatography with amperometric detection, Anal. Chem., 48, 2200–2202 (1976).
K. V. Thrivikraman, C. Refshauge, and R. N. Adams, Liquid chromatographic analysis of nanogram quantities of ascorbate in brain tissue, Life Sci., 15, 1335–1338 (1974).
L. A. Pachla and P. T. Kissinger, Determination of ascorbic acid in body fluids, foodstuffs, and pharmaceuticals by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, Anal. Chem., 48, 364–367 (1976).
R. M. Riggin, A. L. Schmidt, and P. T. Kissinger, Determination of acetaminophen in pharmaceutical preparations and body fluids by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, J. Pharm. Sci., 64, 680–683 (1975).
L. A. Pachla and P. T. Kissinger, Oxidative reaction detector for liquid chromatography using thin-layer amperometric detection, manuscript in preparation.
L. J. Felice, W.. P. King, and P. T. Kissinger, A new liquid chromatographic approach to plant phenolics. Application to the determination of chlorogenic acid in sunflower meal, J. Agric. Food Chem., 24, 380–382 (1976).
T. M. Kenyhercz and P. T. Kissinger, Determination of diethylstilbestrol residues by reverse-phase liquid chromatography with amperometric detection, J. Anal. Toxicol., in press.
I. Mefford, R. W. Keller, R. N. Adams, L. A. Sternson, and M. S. Yllo, Liquid chromatographic determination of picomole quantities of aromatic amine carcinogens, Anal. Chem., 49, 683 (1977).
D. R. Koch and L. A. Pachla, unpublished results.
W. P. King, K.J. Thengumthyil, and P. T. Kissinger, unpublished results.
R. M. Riggin, M.J. McCarthy, and P. T. Kissinger, Identification of salsolinol as a major dopamine metabolite in the banana, J. Agric. Food Chem., 24, 189–191 (1976).
Y. Takata and G. Muto, Flow coulometric detector for liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 45, 1864–1868 (1974).
M. Lemar and M. Porthault, Amperometric detection in high performance liquid chromatography in the case of nonconducting eluants, J. Chromatogr., 130, 373 (1977).
P. T. Kissinger, Amperometric and coulometric detectors for high-performance liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 49, 447A–456A (1977).
P. T. Kissinger, Electrochemical detectors for liquid chromatography, Adv. Chromatogr., manuscript in preparation.
D. M. Coulson, Electrolytic conductivity detector for gas chromatography, J. Gas Chromatogr., 3, 134–137 (1965).
J. W. Dolan and J. N. Seiber, Chlorine-selective detection for liquid chromatography with a Coulson electrolytic conductivity detector, Anal. Chem., 49, 326–331 (1977).
H. Malissa, J. Rendl, and W. Buchberger, Ein schwefelselektiven Detektor für die Flüssigkeitschromatographie auf konduktometrischer Basis, Anal. Chim. Acta, 90 137–141 (1977).
R. C. Hall, A highly sensitive and selective microelectrolytic conductivity detector for gas chromatography, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 12, 152–160 (1974).
D. R. Jones IV and S. E. Manahan, Atomic absorption detector for chromium organometallic compounds separated by HSLC, Anal. Lett, 8, 569–574 (1975).
D. R. Jones IV and S. E. Manahan, Aqueous phase high speed liquid chromatographic separation and atomic absorption detection of amino carboxylic acid-copper chelates, Anal. Chem., 48, 502–505 (1976).
D. R. Jones IV, H. C. Tung, and S. E. Manahan, Mobile phase effects on atomic absorption detectors for high speed liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 48, 7–10 (1976).
D. R. Jones IV and S. E. Manahan, Detection limits for flame spectrophotometric monitoring of high speed liquid chromatographic effluents, Anal. Chem., 48, 1897–1899 (1976).
D. J. Freed, Flame photometric detector for liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 47, 186–187 (1975).
B. G. Julin, H. W. Vanderborn, and J. J. Kirkland, Selective flame emission detection of phosphorous and sulfur in high-performance liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 112, 443–453 (1975).
D. H. Fine, F. Rufeh, D. Lieb, and D. P. Rounbehler, Description of the thermal energy analyzer (TEA) for trace determination of volatile and nonvolatile iV-nitroso compounds, Anal. Chem., 47, 1188–1191 (1975).
P. E. Oettinger, F. Huffman, D. H. Fine, and D. Lieb, Liquid Chromatograph detector for trace analysis of non-volatile iV-nitroso compounds, Anal. Lett., 8, 411–414 (1975).
D. H. Fine, An organic nitrogen specific detector for HPLC, Anal. Lett., 10, 305–307 (1977).
J. T. Schmermund and D. C. Locke, A universal photoionization detector for liquid chromatography, Anal. Lett, 8, 611–625 (1975).
E. Haahti and T. Nikkari, Continuous detection of fractions in effluents of silicic acid chromatography, Acta Chem. Scand., 17, 2565–2568 (1973).
R. J. Maggs, Commercial detector for monitoring the eluent from liquid chromatographic columns, Chromatographia, 1, 43–48 (1968).
R. P. W. Scott and J. G. Lawrence, An improved moving wire liquid chromatography detector, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 8, 65–71 (1970).
J. H. van Dijk, Sensitivity improvement of a moving wire liquid chromatography detector, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 10, 31–34 (1972).
R. H. Stevens, Noise reduction in flame ionization type LC monitors: Development of an improved method for sample transport, J. Gas Chromatogr., 6, 375–383 (1968).
V. Pretorius and J. F.J. van Rensburg, Improvements to the wire solute transport detector, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 11, 355–357 (1973).
H. Dubsky, A disc detector for liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 71, 395–403 (1972).
J. J. Szakasits and R. E. Robinson, Disk conveyor flame ionization detector for liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 46, 1648–1652 (1974).
A. Stolywho, O. S. Privett, and W. L. Erdahl, An improved FID and associated transport system for LCJ. Chromatogr. Sci., 11, 263–267 (1973).
O. S. Privett and W. L. Erdahl, in: Anal. Lipids Lipoproteins 1975 (E. G. Perkins, ed.), pp. 123–137, American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, Illinois (1975).
O. S. Privett, personal communication (actual chromatographic conditions unknown).
L. S. Snyder, personal communication.
R. J. Maggs, Use of the electron capture detector as a monitor for liquid Chromatograph columns, Column, 2(4), 5–7 (1968).
F. W. Willmott and R. J. Dolphin, A novel combination of liquid chromatography and electron capture detection in the analysis of pesticides, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 12, 695–700 (1974).
The application of an electron capture detector to liquid chromatography, Liquid Chromatography Application 13, Philips Electronic Instruments, Mount Vernon, New York.
H.-R. Schulten and H. D. Beckey, Potentiality of the coupling of column liquid chromatography and field desorption mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr., 83, 315–320 (1973).
R. E. Lovins, S. R. Ellis, G. D. Tolbert, and C. R. McKinney, Liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. Coupling of a liquid Chromatograph to a mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 45, 1553–1556 (1973).
R. P. W. Scott, C. G. Scott, M. Munroe, and J. Hess, Jr., Interface for on-line liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis, J. Chromatogr., 99, 395–405 (1974).
W. H. McFadden, H. L. Schwartz, D. C. Bradford, and L.H. Wright, Applications of combined liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Cleveland, Ohio, February 28-March 4 (1977).
P. Arpino, M. A. Baldwin, and F. W. McLafferty, Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry II—continuous monitoring, Biomed. Mass Spectrom., 1, 80–82 (1974).
F. W. McLafferty, R. Knutti, R. Venkataraghavan, P.J. Arpino, and B. G. Dawkins, Continuous mass spectrometric monitoring of a liquid Chromatograph with subnanogram sensitivity using an on-line computer, Anal. Chem., 47, 1503–1505 (1975).
E. C. Horning, D. I. Carroll, I. Dzidic, K. D. Haegele, M. G. Horning, and R. N. Stillwell, Liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer analytical systems. A continuous-flow system based on atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr., 99, 13–21 (1974).
D. I. Carroll, I. Dzidic, R. N. Stillwell, K. D. Haegele, and E. C. Horning, Atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry: Corona discharge ion source for use in liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer analytical system, Anal. Chem., 47, 2369–2372 (1975).
P. R. Jones and S. K. Yang, A liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer interface, Anal. Chem., 47, 1000–1003 (1975).
L. R. Snyder and J. J. Kirkland, Introduction To Modern Liquid Chromatography, pp. 149–153, Wiley, New York, (1974).
H. Poppe and J. Kuysten, Construction and evaluation of a thermostatted permittivity detector for high performance column liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 132, 369–378 (1977).
R. Vespalec and K. Hána, Performance of the capacitance detector for liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 65, 53–69 (1972).
S. Haderka, Permittivity and conductivity detectors for liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 91, 167–179 (1974).
P. H. Monaghan, P. B. Moseley, T. S. Burkhalter, and O. A. Nance, Detection of chromatographic zones by means of high frequency oscillators, Anal. Chem., 24, 193–195 (1952).
N. Watanabe, M. Azuma, and E. Niki, Study of a dielectric constant detector for high-speed liquid chromatography, Bunseki Kagaku, 26, 295–300 (1977).
W. F. Erbelding, Dielectric constant detector for liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem. 47, 1983–1987 (1975).
S. Haderka, The prospects of selective detection by capacitance detectors in liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 57, 181–191 (1971).
L. N. Klatt, Universal detector for liquid chromatography based upon dielectric constant, Anal. Chem., 48, 1845–1850 (1976).
M. Krejčí and N. Pospíšilova, Experimental comparisons of some detectors used in high-efficiency liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 73, 105–115 (1972).
R. Vespalec, Improvement of the performance of the capacitance detector for liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 108, 243–254 (1975).
G. C. Claxton, Detector for liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 2, 136–139
K.-P. Hupe and E. Bayer, A micro adsorption detector for general use in liquid chromatography, J. Gas Chromatogr., 5, 197–201 (1967).
M. N. Munk and D. N. Raval, Flow sensitivity of micro adsorption detector, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 7, 48–55 (1969).
R. P. W. Scott, A theoretical treatment of the heat-of-adsorption detector, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 11, 349–357 (1973).
H. P. Warren and D. P. McKay, The response of the micro adsorption detector to inorganic cations, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 13, 117–122 (1975).
M. N. Munk, Some practical aspects of the micro adsorption detector, Am. J. Clin. Pathol, 53, 719–730 (1970).
H. M. McNair and D. T. Stafford, Micro-adsorption detector. I. Principles of operation and mechanisms of response, J. Chromatogr. 133, 31–36 (1977).
G. B. Sieswerda, H. Poppe, and J. F. K. Huber, Flow versus batch detection of radioactivity in column liquid chromatography, Anal. Chim. Acta, 78, 343–358 (1975).
K. A. Piez, Continuous scintillation counting of carbon-14 and tritium in effluent of the automatic amino acid analyzer, Anal. Biochem., 4, 444–458 (1962).
J. de Belleroche, C. R. Dykes, and A. J. Thomas, The automated separation and analysis of dopamine, its amino acid precursors and metabolites, and the application of the method to the measurement of specific radioactivities of dopamine in striatial symaptosomes, Anal. Biochem., 71, 193–203 (1976).
R. N. Bracewell, The Fourier Transform and its Applications, pp. 24–48, McGraw-Hill New York (1965).
E. Grushka, Characterization of exponentially modified Gaussian peaks in chromatography, Anal. Chem., 44, 1733–1738(1972).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1978 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kissinger, P.T., Felice, L.J., Miner, D.J., Preddy, C.R., Shoup, R.E. (1978). Detectors for Trace Organic Analysis by Liquid Chromatography: Principles and Applications. In: Hercules, D.M., Hieftje, G.M., Snyder, L.R., Evenson, M.A. (eds) Contemporary Topics in Analytical and Clinical Chemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6731-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6731-8_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6733-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6731-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive