Abstract
Cotton is a significant agricultural commodity throughout the world that is used primarily for its fibers to manufacture textiles, but with notable secondary value for its seeds. As cotton oil mills began to operate and products other than whole cottonseed became available, the value of cottonseed increased. This increase in the value of cottonseed spurred research efforts to improve the protein and oil quantity and quality of cottonseed. This chapter concentrates on several aspects of cotton as an oilseed crop, including seed quality, seed processing, uses of cottonseed, and prospects for future improvement in cottonseed quality. Cottonseed oil and meal are the two most valuable products of cottonseed. Cottonseed oil is considered heart healthy and has a long shelf life. Cottonseed meal is used principally as feed for livestock and its major value is as a concentrated protein supplement. Cottonseed flour has a high quality amino acid profile. A limiting nutritional factor of cottonseed is the presence of gossypol. Gossypol binds with protein causing a lysine deficiency and has toxic effects when ingested by nonruminant animals. Despite this limitation, the seed component of cotton production cannot be ignored, and the production of gossypol-free seed would enhance the overall value of cotton. The industry is beginning to see cottonseed as a viable source of revenue, thereby adding value to each and every acre of cotton.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agarwal DK, Singh P, Chavan A, Kate N (2003) Variability pattern for various seed oil traits in diploid cotton (Gossypium arboreum). Indian J Agric Sci 73:116–117
Altman DW, Stelly DM, Kohel RJ (1987) Introgression of the glanded-plant and glandless-seed trait from Gossypium sturtianum Willis into cultivated upland cotton using ovule culture. Crop Sci 27:880–884
An C, Jenkins JN, Wu J, Guo Y, McCarty JC (2010) Use of fiber and fuzz mutants to detect QTL for yield components, seed, and fiber traits of upland cotton. Euphytica 172:21–34
Anonymous (1977) Glandless cotton: its significance, status, and prospects. In: Proceedings of conference, Dallas. Agricultural Research Service, USDA
Anonymous (1980) Protein improvement in main Egyptian field crops. PL-480 Project
Anonymous (2007) Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. WHO Technical Report Series 935. World Health Organization, Geneva
Ashokkumar K, Ravikesavan R (2008) Genetic studies of combining ability estimates for seed oil, seed protein, and fiber quality traits in upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.). Res J Agric Biol Sci 4:798–802
Azhar FM, Ahmad M (2000) Inheritance pattern of cotton seed oil in diverse germplasm of Gossypium hirsutum L. Pakistan J Biol Sci 3:1250–1252
Batugal PV, Bourdeix R (2005) Conventional coconut breeding. In: Batugal PA, Ramanatha Rao V, Oliver J (eds) Coconut Genetic Resources. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute – Regional Office for Asia, the Pacific and Oceania (IPGRI-APO), Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
Bender DA (2005) Incaparina. In: A dictionary of food and nutrition. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O39-Incaparina.html. Accessed 18 Aug 2010
Benedict CR, Kohel RJ, Schubert AM (1976) Transport of 14 C-assimilates to cottonseed: integrity of funiculus during seed filling stage. Crop Sci 16:23–27
Blasi DA, Drouillard J (2002) Composition and feeding value of cottonseed feed products for beef cattle. Bulletin MF-2538. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, Manhattan
Bourely JL (1988) Development of glandless cottonseed and nutritional experience in the Ivory Coast. In: Applewhite TH (ed) Proceeding of the world congress: vegetable protein utilization in human foods and animal feedstuffs. American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, pp 273–280
Call DL, Levinson FJ (1973) A systematic approach to nutrition intervention programs. In: Berg A, Scrimshaw NS, Call DL (eds) Nutrition, national development, and planning. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 166–197
Campbell BT, Hinze LL (2010) Cotton production, processing, and uses of cotton raw material. In: Singh B (ed) Industrial crops and uses. CABI Press, Oxford, pp 259–276
Chapman KD, Austin-Brown S, Sparace SA, Kinney AJ, Ripp KG, Pirtle IL, Pirtle RM (2001) Transgenic cotton plants with increased seed oleic acid content. J Am Oil Chem Soc 78:941–947
Chen XY, Chen Y, Heinstein P, Davisson VJ (1995) Cloning, expression, and characterization of (+)–cadinene synthase: a catalyst for cotton phytoalexin biosynthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 324:255–266
Chen XY, Wang M, Chen Y, Davisson VJ, Heinstein P (1996) Cloning and heterologous expression of a second (+)–cadinene synthase from Gossypium arboreum. J Nat Prod 59:944–951
Cherry JP (1983) Cottonseed oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 60:360–367
Cherry JP (1985) Cottonseed lecithin. In: Monograph American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, pp 57–78
Cherry JP, Berardi LC (1982) Heat-stir denaturation of cottonseed proteins: texturization and gelation. In: Cherry JP (ed) Food protein deterioration: mechanisms and functionality. American Chemical Society, Washington, pp 163–200
Cherry JP, Gray MS (1981) Methylene chloride extraction of gossypol from cottonseed products. J Food Sci 46:1726–1733
Cherry JP, Leffler HR (1984) Seed. In: Kohel RJ, Lewis CF (eds) Cotton. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 522–567
Cherry JP, Simmons JG, Kohel RJ (1978) Potential for improving cottonseed quality by genetic and agronomic practices. Adv Exp Med Biol 106:343–364
Cherry JP, Gray MS, Jones LA (1981a) A review of lecithin chemistry and glandless cottonseed as a potential commercial source. J Am Oil Chem Soc 58:903–913
Cherry JP, Kohel RJ, Jones LA, Powell WH (1981b) Cottonseed quality: factors affecting feed and food uses. In: Proceedings of Beltwide cotton production research conference, National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, pp 266–283
Conkerton EJ, Chapital DC, Vinyard BT, Schneider GR, Jenkins JN (1993) Fruiting sites in cotton: seed quality. J Agric Food Chem 41:882–885
Coulson EJ, Spies JR, Stevens H (1941) The immunochemistry of allergens I. Anaphylactogenic properties of a proteic component of cottonseed. J Immunol 41:375–381
Coulson EJ, Spies JR, Stevens H (1943) The immunochemistry of allergens II. Antigenic studies by the Dale method of the electrophoretic fractionation products of the protein-carbohydrate fraction, CS-1A, from cottonseed. J Immunol 46:347–365
Dani RG, Kohel RJ (1989) Maternal effects and generation mean analysis of seed-oil content in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Theor Appl Genet 77:569–575
Decanini LI, Kohel RJ, Yu J (2001) Fine-map** of the glandless gene in cotton. In: Proceedings of the plant and animal genome VIII conference, San Diego, pp 631
Dilday RH (1986) Development of cotton plant with glandless seeds and glanded foliage and fruiting forms. Crop Sci 26:639–641
Eckey EW (1954) Vegetable fats and oils. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York
Ely LO, Guthrie LD (2008) Feeding whole cottonseed to dairy cows and replacements. Special Bulletin 59. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension, Athens
Freidman M (1996) Nutritional value of proteins from different food sources, a review. J Agric Food Chem 44:6–29
Gardner HK, Hron RJ, Vix HLE (1976) Removal of pigment glands (gossypol) from cottonseed. Cereal Chem 53:549–560
Gotmare V, Singh P, Mayee CD, Deshpande V, Ghagat C (2004) Genetic variability for seed oil content and seed index in some wild species and perennial races of cotton. Plant Breed 123:207–208
Hague S, Hinze L, Frelichowski J (2009) Cotton. In: Vollmann J, Rajcan I (eds) Oil crops: handbook of plant breeding IV. Springer, New York, pp 257–285
Hess DC (1976) Prospects for glandless cottonseed. Oil Mill Gaz 81:20–26
Hinze LL, Kohel RJ, Campbell BT, Percy RG (2011) Variability in four diverse cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm populations. Genet Res Crop Evol 58:561–570 doi:10.1007/s10722-010-9599-8
Khan NU, Hassan G, Kumbhar MB, Parveen A, Aiman U, Ahmad W, Shah SA, Ahmad S (2007) Gene action of seed traits and oil content in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). SABRAO J Breed Genet 39:17–29
Kohel RJ (1978) Survey of Gossypium hirsutum L. germplasm collections for seed-oil percentage and seed characteristics. Rep. ARS-S-187, USDA
Kohel RJ (1980) Genetic studies of seed oil in cotton. Crop Sci 20:784–787
Kohel RJ (1998) Evaluation of near infrared reflectance for oil content of cottonseed. J Cotton Sci 2:23–26
Kohel RJ, Benedict CR (1984) Year effects on partitioning of dry matter into cotton boll components. Crop Sci 24:268–270
Kohel RJ, Cherry JP (1983) Variation of cottonseed quality with stratified harvests. Crop Sci 23:1119–1124
Kohel RJ, Lee JA (1984) Genetic analysis of Egyptian glandless cotton. Crop Sci 24:1119–1121
Kohel RJ, Yu JZ (2007) Cottonseed. In: Singh RJ (ed) Genetic resources, chromosome engineering, and crop improvement. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 89–102
Kohel RJ, Glueck J, Rooney LW (1985) Comparison of cotton germplasm collections for seed-protein content. Crop Sci 25:961–963
Kohel RJ, Yu JZ, Decanini LI, Dong J, Zhang HB (2001) Cottonseed quality and creation of glanded plants with glandless seed. In: Proceedings of the genetic control of cotton fiber and seed quality workshop, Cotton Inc., Cary, pp 271–277
Koshinsky HA, Liao HK, Ow DW (1994) Progress in screening microorganisms for gossypol-degrading ability. In: Proceedings of the biochemistry of cotton workshop, Cotton Inc., Cary, pp 19–22
Lawhon JT, Cater CM, Mattil KF (1977) Evaluation of the food use potential of sixteen varieties of cottonseed. J Am Oil Chem Soc 54:75–80
Liu QL, Singh SP, Green AG (2002a) High-oleic and high-stearic cottonseed oils: nutritionally improved cooking oils developed using gene silencing. J Am Coll Nutr 21:205S–211S
Liu QL, Singh SP, Green AG (2002b) High-stearic and high-oleic cottonseed oils produced by hairpin RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Plant Physiol 129:1732–1743
Lukonge E, Labuschangne MT, Hugo A (2007) The evaluation of oil and fatty acid composition in seed of cotton accessions from various countries. J Sci Food Agric 87:340–347
Lusas EW, Jividen GM (1987) Characteristics and uses of glandless cottonseed food protein Âingredients. J Am Oil Chem Soc 64:973–986
Lusas EW, Lawhon JT, Clark SP, Matlock SW, Meinke WW, Mulsow DW, Rhee KC, Wan PJ (1977) Potential for edible protein products from glandless cottonseed. In: Glandless cotton: its significance, status, and prospects. Proceedings conference, Dallas Agricultural Research Service, USDA, pp 31–43
Martin GS, Liu J, Benedict CR, Stipanovic RD, Magill CW (2003) Reduced levels of cadinane sesquiterpenoids in cotton plants expressing antisense (+)-delta-cadinene synthase. Phytochemistry 62:31–38
McMichael SC (1960) Combined effects of the glandless genes gl2 and gl3 on pigment glands in the cotton plant. Agron J 46:385–386
Mergeai G, Baudoin JP, Vroh BI (1997) Exploitation of trispecific hybrids to introgress the glandless seed and glanded plant trait of Gossypium sturtianum Willis into G. hirsutum L. Biotechnol Agron Soc Environ 1:272–277
Mert M, Akiscan Y, Gencer O (2005) Genotypic and phenotypic relationships of lint yield, fibre properties and seed content in a cross of two cotton genotypes. Acta Agric Scand B Soil Plant 55:76–80
National Cotton Variety Tests (2007) Yield, boll, seed, spinning and fiber data. http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/64021500/2007NCVT.pdf. USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS. Accessed 18 Aug 2010
Orr E (1977) The contribution of new food mixtures to the relief of malnutrition: a second look. Food Nutr 3:4–6
Pandey SN, Thejappa N (1975) Study on relationship between oil, protein, and gossypol in cottonseed kernels. J Am Oil Chem Soc 52:312–315
Popkin B, Latham MC (1973) The limitations and dangers of commerciogenic nutritious food. Am J Clin Nutr 26:1015–1023
Rajput HJ, Patil RB, Shinde SM (2007) Biochemical and molecular characterization of cotton hybrids. Ann Plant Physiol 21:51–54
Ramos LCS, Kohel RJ (1987) Seed-oil content of glanded and glandless cottons. J Am Oil Chem Soc 64:1337–1340
Rathbone CR (1977) Development of cottonseed for better cottonseed products. Cotton Gin Oil Mill Press 78:17–25
Rhee KC (1988) Determining and modifying protein functionality. In: Applewhite TH (ed) Proceeding of the World Congress: vegetable protein utilization in human foods and animal feedstuffs. American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, pp 323–333
Salunkhe DK, Chavan JK, Adsule RN, Kadam SS (1992) World oilseeds: chemistry, technology, and utilization. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
Sawan ZM, Hafez SA, Basyony AE (2001) Effect of nitrogen fertilization and foliar application of plant growth retardants and zinc on cottonseed, protein and oil yields and oil properties of cotton. J Agron Crop Sci 186:183–191
Sawan ZM, Hafez SA, Basyony AE, Alkassas ER (2007) Cottonseed: protein, oil yields, and oil properties as influences by potassium fertilization and foliar application of zinc and phosphorus. Grasas Aceites 58:40–48
Shaver TN, Dilday RH (1982) Measurement of and correlations among selected seed quality factors for 36 Texas race stocks of cotton. Crop Sci 22:779–781
Singh M, Singh TH, Chahal GS (1985) Genetic analysis of some seed quality characters in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Theor Appl Genet 71:126–128
Smith CW, Creelman RA (2001) Vitamin E concentration in upland cotton seeds. Crop Sci 41:577–579
Song XL, Zhang TZ (2007) Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling seed physical and nutrient traits in cotton. Seed Sci Res 17:243–251
Sood DR, Kumar V, Dhindsa KS (1976) Composition of cottonseed as affected by N, P and K application. Agrochimica 20:77–81
Stansbury MF, Pons WA, Den Hartog GT (1956) Relations between oil, nitrogen, and gossypol in cottonseed kernels. J Am Oil Chem Soc 33:282–286
Sunilkumar G, Campbell LM, Hossen M, Connell JP, Hernandez E, Reddy AS, Smith CW, Rathore KS (2005) A comprehensive study of the use of a homologous promoter in antisense cotton lines exhibiting a high seed oleic acid phenotype. Plant Biotechnol J 3:319–330
Sunilkumar G, Campbell LM, Puckhaber L, Rathore KS (2006) Engineering cottonseed for use in human nutrition by tissue-specific reduction of toxic gossypol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:18054–18059
Townsend BJ, Llewellyn DJ (2007) Reduced terpene levels in cottonseed add food to fiber. Trends Biotechnol 25:239–241
Tsui YC, Creasy MR, Hulten MA (1983) The effect of the male contraceptive agent Gosssypol on human lymphocytes in vitro: traditional chromosome breakage, micronuclei, sister chromatid exchange, and cell kinetics. J Med Genet 20:81–85
Turner JH, Ramey HH, Worley S (1976a) Influence of environment on seed quality of four cotton cultivars. Crop Sci 16:407–409
Turner JH, Ramey HH, Worley S (1976b) Relationship of yield, seed quality, and fiber properties in upland cotton. Crop Sci 16:578–580
USDA-Foreign Agriculture Service (2010) Cotton: world markets and trade monthly circular. http://www.fas.usda.gov/cotton/circular/Current.asp. Accessed 18 Aug 2010
Vix HLE, Eaves PH, Gardner HK, Lambou MG (1971) Degossypolized cottonseed flour – the liquid cyclone process. J Am Oil Chem Soc 48:611–615
Vroh BI, Baudoin JP, Hau B, Mergeai G (1999) Development of high-gossypol cotton plants with low-gossypol seeds using trispecies bridge crosses and in vitro culture of seed embryos. Euphytica 106:243–251
Wen W (1980) China invents male birth control pill. Am J Chin Med 8:195–197
Wu J, Jenkins JN, McCarty JC, Thaxton P (2009) Seed trait evaluation of Gossypium barbadense L. chromosomes/arms in a G. hirsutum L. background. Euphytica 167:371–380
Wu J, McCarty JC, Jenkins JN (2010) Cotton chromosome substitution lines crossed with cultivars: genetic model evaluation and seed trait analysis. Theor Appl Genet 120:1473–1483
Ye Z, Lu Z, Zhu J (2003) Genetic analysis for developmental behavior of some seed quality traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Euphytica 129:183–191
Yu ZH, Kohel RJ, Dong JM, Decanini LI (2000a) Toward positional cloning of a major glandless gene in cotton. In: Proceedings of the Beltwide cotton production research conference. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, pp 516
Yu ZH, Kohel RJ, Zhang HB, Dong JM, Decanini LI (2000b) Construction of a cotton BAC library and its applications to gene isolation. In: Proceedings of the plant and animal genome VIII conference, San Diego, pp 146
Yuldasheva NK, Ulchenko NT, Glushenkova AI, Akhmedzhanov IG (2004) Seed and oil lipids of cotton grown on saline soil. Chem Nat Comp 40:186–187
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hinze, L., Kohel, R. (2012). Cotton. In: Gupta, S. (eds) Technological Innovations in Major World Oil Crops, Volume 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0356-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0356-2_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-0355-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-0356-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)