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Environmental Requirements for Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass

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Advances in Solar Energy

Abstract

The anaerobic digestion process is experiencing renewed interest worldwide. Findings indicate that methanogenic bacteria have catalyzed a revolution in our understanding of procaryote diversity. A host of publications has emerged on this topic. Pure culture techniques have improved, allowing further elucidation of reactions and pathways. Agricultural and environmental engineers have demonstrated renewed interest in the anaerobic digestion process in attempts to address waste treatment management needs and provide supplemental energy supplies, or both. Energy corporations are evaluating anaerobic digestion as a possible source of alternative energy supplies from biomass and other renewable sources. Research in each aspect and overall interest in anaerobic digestion has never been greater.

This review summarizes the literature through 1982 on the microbiology of methanogens, their reactions, characteristics, and pathways. Historical information on nutrient requirements of both the methanogens and fermentation bacteria is compiled.

Particular emphasis is made on the recent discovery of nickel as an essential trace metal requirement for methanogens. Other trace metals such as selenium and tungsten have been discovered. Iron appears to be required in rather high concentrations.

Sulfur requirements for anaerobic digestion are not widely documented, but sulfur appears to be required in concentrations much higher than previously thought. The complex chemistry in anaerobic digestion makes it difficult to clearly identify the requirement for sulfur and trace metals.

Recent investigations of the toxicity response of methanogens has demonstrated they are much less sensitive than previously considered. Acclimation to a wide variety of toxicants has been demonstrated. In addition, toxicity is commonly reversible at the toxicant concentrations commonly observed in the environment.

The economic burden of alkalinity supplementation costs for anaerobic digestion of some types of biomass and industrial wastewaters is so great that a separate section is devoted to this matter. Sources, requirements, and conservation of alkalinity are addressed.

Efforts to model the anaerobic digestion process are reviewed. A number of general and specific models are available. Some models assume volatile acids utilization is rate limiting, while others assume lipids or cellulose degradation to be rate limiting.

The review also considers various design prerequisites. Process configuration, temperature, and type of feedstock are discussed. Some of the industrial wastewaters successfully treated by anaerobic digestion are summarized. Finally, treatability screening procedures and scale-up factors affecting performance are summarized.

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  1. University of Delaware and SES, Inc., Newark, Delaware, USA

    Karl W. Böer

  2. University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

    John A. Duffie

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Speece, R.E. (1985). Environmental Requirements for Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass. In: Böer, K.W., Duffie, J.A. (eds) Advances in Solar Energy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9951-3_2

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