Abstract
Viruses are the causative agents of a number of acute and chronic infectious diseases and are undoubtedly involved in the pathogenesis of certain chronic debilitating diseases of man. Furthermore, a number of viruses may become latent in cells and reemerge at a later time to produce disease. It is therefore not surprising that vertebrates have evolved a multitude of defense mechanisms, operative at multiple levels, to cope with the omnipresent threat posed by viruses. These defenses range from simple physical barriers to sophisticated, complex systems such as the finely tuned interacting members of the immunological network. Disease may result not only from a failure of primary or secondary defense mechanisms but also in some cases from overzealous efforts of the host to cope with the viruses.
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Cooper, N.R. (1979). Humoral Immunity to Viruses. In: Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Wagner, R.R. (eds) Comprehensive Virology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3009-7_3
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