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Brief History of Ctenophora

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Ctenophores

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2757))

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Abstract

Ctenophores are the descendants of the earliest surviving lineage of ancestral metazoans, predating the branch leading to sponges (Ctenophore-first phylogeny). Emerging genomic, ultrastructural, cellular, and systemic data indicate that virtually every aspect of ctenophore biology as well as ctenophore development are remarkably different from what is described in representatives of other 32 animal phyla. The outcome of this reconstruction is that most system-level components associated with the ctenophore organization result from convergent evolution. In other words, the ctenophore lineage independently evolved as high animal complexities with the astonishing diversity of cell types and structures as bilaterians and cnidarians. Specifically, neurons, synapses, muscles, mesoderm, through gut, sensory, and integrative systems evolved independently in Ctenophora. Rapid parallel evolution of complex traits is associated with a broad spectrum of unique ctenophore-specific molecular innovations, including alternative toolkits for making an animal. However, the systematic studies of ctenophores are in their infancy, and deciphering their remarkable morphological and functional diversity is one of the hot topics in biological research, with many anticipated surprises.

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Acknowledgments

The author thanks the OGAP team led by Capt. Peter Molnar (vessel SAM), Tyler Meade, Matthew Stromberg as well as Mr. James F. Jacoby (vessel Miss Phebe II) and Mr. Steven Sablonski (vessel Copacetic) with help to collect ctenophores around the globe. This work was supported by the Human Frontiers Science Program (RGP0060/2017) and the National Science Foundation (IOS-1557923) grants to LLM. Research reported in this publication was also supported in part by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health under award number R01NS114491 (to LLM). The content is solely the author’s responsibility and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

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  1. Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Leonid L. Moroz

  2. Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA

    Leonid L. Moroz

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    Leonid L. Moroz

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Moroz, L.L. (2024). Brief History of Ctenophora. In: Moroz, L.L. (eds) Ctenophores. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2757. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3642-8_1

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