Abstract
Lymph node invasion by tumor cells is an important process in the progression of melanoma and is a poor prognostic factor for patients with this cancer. Before they are able to spread to regional lymph nodes, though, melanoma cells must first adhere to lymphatic endothelium and transmigrate into the lymphatic vasculature. In order to study melanoma cell adhesion to lymphatic endothelial cells and the factors that regulate this process, we have developed an in vitro flow cytometry-based assay to measure melanoma cell attachment to lymphatic endothelial cells. This assay will be a useful tool for investigating the interactions that take place between melanoma cells and lymphatic endothelial cells during the adhesion process.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Luke JJ, Flaherty KT, Ribas A, Long GV (2017) Targeted agents and immunotherapies: optimizing outcomes in melanoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 14:463–482
Hargadon KM, Johnson CE, Williams CJ (2018) Immune checkpoint blockade therapy for cancer: an overview of FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors. Int Immunopharmacol 62:29–39
Chen J, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhu H, Shi Y (2016) Prognostic role of sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with cutaneous melanoma: a retrospective study of surveillance, epidemiology, and end-result population-based data. Oncotarget 7:45671–45677
Doepker MP, Thompson ZJ, Harb JN, Messina JL, Puleo CA, Egan KM, Sarnaik AA, Gonzalez RJ, Sondak VK, Zager JS (2016) Dermal melanoma: a report on prognosis, outcomes, and the utility of sentinel lymph node biopsy. J Surg Oncol 113:98–102
Pilko G, Zgajnar J, Music M, Hocevar M (2012) Lower tumour burden and better overall survival in melanoma patients with regional lymph node metastases and negative preoperative ultrasound. Radiol Oncol 46:60–68
Kim C, Economou S, Amatruda TT, Martin JC, Dudek AZ (2015) Prognostic significance of microscopic tumor burden in sentinel lymph node in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Anticancer Res 35:301–309
Ulmer A, Dietz K, Hodak I, Polzer B, Scheitler S, Yildiz M, Czyz Z, Lehnert P, Fehm T, Hafner C, Schanz S, Röcken M, Garbe C, Breuninger H, Fierlbeck G, Klein CA (2014) Quantitative measurement of melanoma spread in sentinel lymph nodes and survival. PLoS Med 11:e1001604
Pereira ER, Kedrin D, Seano G, Gautier O, Meijer EFJ, Jones D, Chin SM, Kitahara S, Bouta EM, Chang J, Beech E, Jeong HS, Carroll MC, Taghian AG, Padera TP (2018) Lymph node metastases can invade local blood vessels, exit the node, and colonize distant organs in mice. Science 359:1403–1407
Brown M, Assen FP, Leithner A, Abe J, Schachner H, Asfour G, Bago-Horvath Z, Stein JV, Uhrin P, Sixt M, Kerjaschki D (2018) Lymph node blood vessels provide exit routes for metastatic tumor cell dissemination in mice. Science 359:1408–1411
Cianfarani F, Mastroeni S, Odorisio T, Passarelli F, Cattani C, Mannooranparampli TJ, Fortes C, Failla CM (2012) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C in primary cutaneous melanoma predicts sentinel lymph node positivity. J Cutan Pathol 39:826–834
Peppicelli S, Bianchini F, Calorini L (2014) Inflammatory cytokines induce vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression in melanoma-associated macrophages and stimulate melanoma lymph node metastasis. Oncol Lett 8:1133–1138
Van Marck V, Stove C, Van Den Bossche K, Stove V, Paredes J, Vander Haegen Y, Bracke M (2005) P-cadherin promotes cell-cell adhesion and counteracts invasion in human melanoma. Cancer Res 65:8774–8783
Kreiseder B, Orel L, Bujnow C, Buschek S, Pflueger M, Scheutt W, Hundsberger H, de Martin R, Wiesner C (2013) α-Catulin downregulates E-cadherin and promotes melanoma progression and invasion. Int J Cancer 132:521–530
Botti G, Cerrone M, Scognamiglio G, Anniciello A, Ascierto PA, Cantile M (2013) Microenvironment and tumor progression of melanoma: new therapeutic prospectives. J Immunotoxicol 10:235–252
Jacquelot N, Duong CPM, Belz GT, Zitvogel L (2018) Targeting chemokines and chemokine receptors in melanoma and other cancers. Front Immunol 9:2480
Rebhun RB, Cheng H, Gershenwald JE, Fan D, Fidler IJ, Langley RR (2010) Constitutive expression of the alpha4 integrin correlates with tumorigenicity and lymph node metastasis of the B16 murine melanoma. Neoplasia 12:173–182
Jeong K, Murphy JM, Rodriguez YAR, Kim JS, Ahn EE, Lim SS (2019) FAK inhibition reduces metastasis of α4 integrin-expressing melanoma to lymph nodes by targeting lymphatic VCAM-1 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 509:1034–1040
Ando T, Jordan P, Joh T, Wang Y, Jennings MH, Houghton J, Alexander JS (2005) Isolation and characterization of a novel mouse lymphatic endothelial cell line: SV-LEC. Lymphat Res Biol 3:105–115
Fidler IJ, Gersten DM, Budmen MB (1976) Characterization in vivo and in vitro of tumor cells selected for resistance to syngeneic lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Cancer Res 36:3160–3165
Overwijk WW, Restifo NP (2001) B16 as a mouse model for human melanoma. Curr Protoc Immunol 39:20.1.1–20.1.29
Knisely TL, Niederkorn JY (1990) Immunologic evaluation of spontaneous regression of an intraocular murine melanoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:247–257
Hargadon KM, Forrest OA, Reddy PR (2012) Suppression of the maturation and activation of the dendritic cell line DC2.4 by melanoma-derived factors. Cell Immunol 272:275–282
Acknowledgments
D5.1G4 murine melanoma cells were a generous gift of Dr. Jerry Neiderkorn (University of Texas Southwestern Medical School). The SV-LEC murine melanoma cell line was kindly provided by Dr. Jonathan Alexander (Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center). This work was supported by funding from Virginia’s Commonwealth Health Research Board and a Jeffress Trust Awards Program in Interdisciplinary Research Grant from the Thomas F. and Kate Miller Jeffress Memorial Trust (Bank of America, N.A., Trustee) to KMH. We also thank Mr. Michael Hargadon and Mrs. Patricia Hargadon for generous donations to support the involvement of Hampden-Sydney College undergraduate students in this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Hargadon, K.M., Johnson, C.E. (2021). A Flow Cytometric Assay for Investigating Melanoma Cell Adhesion to Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. In: Hargadon, K.M. (eds) Melanoma. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2265. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1205-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1205-7_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-1204-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-1205-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols