SpringerLink
Log in

Stroke and Carotid Artery Disease

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Cardiovascular Behavioral Medicine

  • 791 Accesses

Abstract

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States and worldwide. An expansive literature reviews the etiology of stroke and associated risk factors. This chapter focuses on stroke and carotid artery disease, a major culprit of ischemic stroke. The carotid arteries supply the brain and neck with oxygenated blood; however, when these arteries become stenosed, these structures are compromised. Due to the deleterious relationship of stroke and carotid artery disease, this chapter will look at the two, side by side, in order to reveal the pathophysiology of disease from a behavioral medicine perspective. Common risk factors of cardiovascular disease cannot fully account for the burden of stroke and carotid artery disease. As such, a rapidly growing literature on the psychological, emotional, and social factors that contribute to the disease has emerged and proven to be significant. This chapter briefly reviews the etiology and traditional pathophysiology of stroke and carotid artery disease. We then expand on emerging perspectives highlighting the role of behavioral medicine in understanding stroke and carotid artery disease risks and conclude with recent findings steering future research in this area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
EUR 29.95
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
EUR 534.99
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
EUR 320.99
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Andre-Petersson L, Engstrom G, Hagberg B, Janzon L, Steen G (2001) Adaptive behavior in stressful situations and stroke incidence in hypertensive men: results from prospective cohort study “men born in 1914” in Malmo, Sweden. Stroke 32:1712–1720

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Berkman LF, Blumenthal J, Burg M, Carney RM, Catellier D, Cowan MJ et al (2003) Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Randomized Trial. JAMA 289:3106–3116

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Beutel ME, Wiltink J, Kirschner Y, Sinning C, Espinola-Klein C, Wild PS, Munzel T, Blettner M, Zwiener I, Lackner K, Michal M (2014) History of depression but not current depression is associated with signs of atherosclerosis: data from the Gutenberg Health Study. Psychol Med 44:919–925

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bleil ME, McCaffery JM, Muldoon MF, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Manuck SB (2004) Anger-related personality traits and carotid artery atherosclerosis in untreated hypertensive men. Psychosom Med 66:633–639

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bos MJ, Linden T, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Skoog I, Breteler MM, Tiemeier H (2008) Depressive symptoms and risk of stroke: the Rotterdam Study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:997–1001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Brown DL, Boden-Albala B, Langa KM, Lisabeth LD, Fair M, Smith MA, Sacco RL, Morgenstern LB (2006) Projected costs of ischemic stroke in the United States. Neurology 67:1390–1395

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Casper ML, Barnett E, Williams GI Jr, Halverson JA, Braham VE, Greenlund KJ (2003) Atlas of stroke mortality: racial, ethnic, and geographic disparities in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Georgia

    Google Scholar 

  8. Cesari M, Penninx BW, Newman AB, Kritchevsky SB, Nicklas BJ, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Rubin SM, Ding J, Simonsick EM, Harris TB, Pahor M (2003) Inflammatory markers and onset of cardiovascular events: results from the Health ABC study. Circulation 108:2317–2322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chrousos GP, Gold PW (1998) A healthy body in a healthy mind – and vice versa – the damaging power of “uncontrollable” stress. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:1842–1845

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Colantonio A, Kasi SV, Ostfeld AM (1992) Depressive symptoms and other psychosocial factors as predictors of stroke in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 136:884–894

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. D’Agostino RB Jr, Burke G, O’Leary D, Rewers M, Selby J, Savage PJ, Saad MF, Bergman RN, Howard G, Wagenknecht L, Haffner SM (1996) Ethnic differences in carotid wall thickness. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Stroke 27:1744–1749

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Diez Roux AV, Mair C (2010) Neighborhoods and health. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1186:125–145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Diez Roux AV, Ranjit N, Powell L, Jackson S, Lewis TT, Shea S, Wu C (2006) Psychosocial factors and coronary calcium in adults without clinical cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 144:822–831

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Diringer MN, Edwards DF, Mattson DT, Akins PT, Sheedy CW, Hsu CY, Dromerick AW (1999) Predictors of acute hospital costs for treatment of ischemic stroke in an academic center. Stroke 30:724–728

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Dong JY, Zhang YH, Tong J, Qin LQ (2012) Depression and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Stroke 43:32–37

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Dusseldorp E, van Elderen T, Maes S, Meulman J, Kraaij V (1999) A meta-analysis of psychoeduational programs for coronary heart disease patients. Health Psychol 18:506–519

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Eng PM, Fitzmaurice G, Kubzansky LD, Rimm EB, Kawachi I (2003) Anger expression and risk of stroke and coronary heart disease among male health professionals. Psychosom Med 65:100–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Engel GL (1977) The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science 196:129–136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Masella M, Marfella R, Giugliano D (2003) Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA 289:1799–1804

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Everson SA, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, Lakka TA, Sivenius J, Salonen JT (1999) Anger expression and incident stroke: prospective evidence from the Kuopio ischemic heart disease study. Stroke 30:523–528

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Everson SA, Lynch JW, Kaplan GA, Lakka TA, Sivenius J, Salonen JT (2001) Stress-induced blood pressure reactivity and incident stroke in middle-aged men. Stroke 32:1263–1270

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Everson SA, Roberts RE, Goldberg DE, Kaplan GA (1998) Depressive symptoms and increased risk of stroke mortality over a 29-year period. Arch Intern Med 158:1133–1138

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Everson-Rose SA, Lewis TT (2005) Psychosocial factors and cardiovascular diseases. Annu Rev Public Health 26:469–500

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Everson-Rose SA, Roetker NS, Lutsey PL, Kershaw KN, Longstreth WT Jr, Sacco RL, Diez Roux AV, Alonso A (2014) Chronic stress, depressive symptoms, anger, hostility, and risk of stroke and transient ischemic attack in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Stroke 45:2318–2323

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Barker-Collo SL, Parag V (2009) Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 8:355–369

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD et al (2014) Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 21(129):e28–e292

    Google Scholar 

  27. Greenland P, Knoll MD, Stamler J, Neaton JD, Dyer AR, Garside DB, Wilson PW (2003) Major risk factors as antecedents of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease events. JAMA 290:891–897

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Gump BB, Matthews KA, Eberly LE, Chang YF (2005) Depressive symptoms and mortality in men: results from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Stroke 36:98–102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Haas DC, Davidson KW, Schwartz DJ, Rieckmann N, Roman MJ, Pickering TG, Gerin W, Schwartz JE (2005) Depressive symptoms are independently predictive of carotid atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 95:547–550

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst RJ, Forbes S, Anderson CS (2002) Long-term disability after first-ever stroke and related prognostic factors in the Perth Community Stroke Study, 1989–1990. Stroke 33:1034–1040

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hardie K, Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst RJ, Anderson C (2004) Ten-year risk of first recurrent stroke and disability after first-ever stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke 35:731–735

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Henderson KM, Clark CJ, Lewis TT, Aggarwal NT, Beck T, Guo H, Lunos S, Brearley A, Mendes de Leon CF, Evans DA, Everson-Rose SA (2013) Psychosocial distress and stroke risk in older adults. Stroke 44:367–372

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Howard G (1999) Why do we have a stroke belt in the southeastern United States? A review of unlikely and uninvestigated potential causes. Am J Med Sci 317:160–167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Howard G, Howard VJ (2001) Ethnic disparities in stroke: the scope of the problem. Ethn Dis 11:761–768

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Howard G, Labarthe DR, Hu J, Yoon S, Howard VJ (2007) Regional differences in African Americans’ high risk for stroke: the remarkable burden of stroke for Southern African Americans. Ann Epidemiol 17:689–696

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Howard G, Sharrett AR, Heiss G, Evans GW, Chambless LE, Riley WA, Burke GL (1993) Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness distribution in general populations as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound. ARIC Investigators. Stroke 24:1297–1304

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Howard VJ, Cushman M, Pulley L, Gomez CR, Go RC, Prineas RJ, Graham A, Moy CS, Howard G (2005) The reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke study: objectives and design. Neuroepidemiology 25:135–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Israel BA, Krieger J, Vlahov D, Ciske S, Foley M, Fortin P, Guzman JR, Lichtenstein R, McGranaghan R, Palermo AG, Tang G (2006) Challenges and facilitating factors in sustaining community-based participatory research partnerships: lessons learned from the Detroit, New York City and Seattle Urban Research Centers. J Urban Health 83:1022–1040

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Janssen I, Powell LH, Matthews KA, Cursio JF, Hollenberg SM, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Bromberger JT, Everson-Rose SA, study S (2011) Depressive symptoms are related to progression of coronary calcium in midlife women: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Heart Study. American Heart Journal, 161, 1186–1191, e1181

    Google Scholar 

  40. Johnston SC, Mendis S, Mathers CD (2009) Global variation in stroke burden and mortality: estimates from monitoring, surveillance, and modelling. Lancet Neurol 8:345–354

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Jonas BS, Mussolino ME (2000) Symptoms of depression as a prospective risk factor for stroke. Psychosom Med 62:463–471

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Julkunen J, Salonen R, Kaplan GA, Chesney MA, Salonen JT (1994) Hostility and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Psychosom Med 56:519–525

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kaplan GA, Everson SA, Lynch JW (2000) The contribution of social and behavioral research to an understanding of the distribution of disease: a multilevel approach. In: Smedley BD, Syme SL (eds) Promoting health: intervention strategies from social and behavioral research. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  44. Knox SS, Adelman A, Ellison RC, Arnett DK, Siegmund K, Weidner G, Province MA (2000) Hostility, social support, and carotid artery atherosclerosis in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Am J Cardiol 86:1086–1089

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kop WJ, Krantz DS, Nearing BD, Gottdiener JS, Quigley JF, O’Callahan M, DelNegro AA, Friehling TD, Karasik P, Suchday S, Levine J, Verrier RL (2004) Effects of acute mental stress and exercise on T-wave alternans in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators and controls. Circulation 109:1864–1869

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lewis TT, Barnes LL, Bienias JL, Lackland DT, Evans DA, Mendes de Leon CF (2009) Perceived discrimination and blood pressure in older African American and white adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 64:1002–1008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Lewis TT, Everson-Rose SA, Powell LH, Matthews KA, Brown C, Karavolos K, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Jacobs E, Wesley D (2006) Chronic exposure to everyday discrimination and coronary artery calcification in African-American women: the SWAN Heart Study. Psychosom Med 68:362–368

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK (2009) Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from pathophysiology to practice. J Am Coll Cardiol 54:2129–2138

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Liebetrau M, Steen B, Skoog I (2008) Depression as a risk factor for the incidence of first-ever stroke in 85-year-olds. Stroke 39:1960–1965

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Lindsberg PJ, Grau AJ (2003) Inflammation and infections as risk factors for ischemic stroke. Stroke 34:2518–2532

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M (2007) Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 115:459–467

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Lorenz MW, von Kegler S, Steinmetz H, Markus HS, Sitzer M (2006) Carotid intima-media thickening indicates a higher vascular risk across a wide age range: prospective data from the Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study (CAPS). Stroke 37:87–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Low CA, Salomon K, Matthews KA (2009) Chronic life stress, cardiovascular reactivity, and subclinical cardiovascular disease in adolescents. Psychosom Med 71:927–931

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Lynch J, Kaplan GA, Salonen R, Cohen RD, Salonen JT (1995) Socioeconomic status and carotid atherosclerosis. Circulation 92:1786–1792

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Mallika V, Goswami B, Rajappa M (2007) Atherosclerosis pathophysiology and the role of novel risk factors: a clinicobiochemical perspective. Angiology 58:513–522

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Manolio TA, Arnold AM, Post W, Bertoni AG, Schreiner PJ, Sacco RL, Saad MF, Detrano RL, Szklo M (2008) Ethnic differences in the relationship of carotid atherosclerosis to coronary calcification: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 197:132–138

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Markovitz JH, Matthews KA (1991) Platelets and coronary heart disease: potential psychophysiologic mechanisms. Psychosom Med 53:643–668

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Matthews KA, Chang YF, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Edmundowicz D, Bromberger JT (2010) Recurrent major depression predicts progression of coronary calcification in healthy women: study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Psychosom Med 72:742–747

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Matthews KA, Owens JF, Edmundowicz D, Lee L, Kuller LH (2006) Positive and negative attributes and risk for coronary and aortic calcification in healthy women. Psychosom Med 68:355–361

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Matthews KA, Owens JF, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Jansen-McWilliams L (1998) Are hostility and anxiety associated with carotid atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women? Psychosom Med 60:633–638

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Matz R (2003) Cost-effective, risk-free, evidence-based medicine. Arch Intern Med 163:2795

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. May M, McCarron P, Stansfeld S, Ben-Shlomo Y, Gallacher J, Yarnell J, Davey Smith G, Elwood P, Ebrahim S (2002) Does psychological distress predict the risk of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack? The Caerphilly Study. Stroke 33:7–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. McEwen BS (1997) Hormones as regulators of brain development: life-long effects related to health and disease. Acta Paediatr Suppl 422:41–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mendes de Leon CF, Czajkowski SM, Freedland KE, Bang H, Powell LH, Wu C, Burg MM et al (2006) The effect of a psychosocial intervention and quality of life after acute myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) clinical trial. J Cardpulm Rehabil 26:9–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Musselman DL, Evans DL, Nemeroff CB (1998) The relationship of depression to cardiovascular disease: epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:580–592

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. O’Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P et al (2010) Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study. Lancet 376:112–123

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Kittner SJ, Bond MG, Wolfson SK Jr, Bommer W, Price TR, Gardin JM, Savage PJ (1992) Distribution and correlates of sonographically detected carotid artery disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study. The CHS Collaborative Research Group. Stroke 23:1752–1760

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr (1999) Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 340:14–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ohira T, Iso H, Satoh S, Sankai T, Tanigawa T, Ogawa Y, Imano H, Sato S, Kitamura A, Shimamoto T (2001) Prospective study of depressive symptoms and risk of stroke among japanese. Stroke 32:903–908

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Pan A, Sun Q, Okereke OI, Rexrode KM, Hu FB (2011) Depression and risk of stroke morbidity and mortality: a meta-analysis and systematic review. JAMA 306:1241–1249

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Petrea RE, Beiser AS, Seshadri S, Kelly-Hayes M, Kase CS, Wolf PA (2009) Gender differences in stroke incidence and poststroke disability in the Framingham heart study. Stroke 40:1032–1037

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Pizzi C, Costa GM, Santarella L, Flacco ME, Capasso L, Bert F, Manzoli L (2014) Depression symptoms and the progression of carotid intima-media thickness: a 5-year follow-up study. Atherosclerosis 233:530–536

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Pollitt RA, Daniel M, Kaufman JS, Lynch JW, Salonen JT, Kaplan GA (2005) Mediation and modification of the association between hopelessness, hostility, and progression of carotid atherosclerosis. J Behav Med 28:53–64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Reeves MJ, Arora S, Broderick JP, Frankel M, Heinrich JP, Hickenbottom S, Karp H, LaBresh KA, Malarcher A, Mensah G, Moomaw CJ, Schwamm L, Weiss P (2005) Acute stroke care in the US: results from 4 pilot prototypes of the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry. Stroke 36:1232–1240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Shih J, Matias M, Hennekens CH (1998) Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women. Circulation 98:731–733

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH (1997) Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 336:973–979

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Rosamond WD, Folsom AR, Chambless LE, Wang CH, McGovern PG, Howard G, Copper LS, Shahar E (1999) Stroke incidence and survival among middle-aged adults: 9-year follow-up of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort. Stroke 30:736–743

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Abel G, Lin IF, Elkind M, Hauser WA, Paik MC, Shea S (2001) Race-ethnic disparities in the impact of stroke risk factors: the northern Manhattan stroke study. Stroke 32:1725–1731

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Gan R, Chen X, Kargman DE, Shea S, Paik MC, Hauser WA (1998) Stroke incidence among white, black, and Hispanic residents of an urban community: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Am J Epidemiol 147:259–268

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Salaycik KJ, Kelly-Hayes M, Beiser A, Nguyen AH, Brady SM, Kase CS, Wolf PA (2007) Depressive symptoms and risk of stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke 38:16–21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Sapolsky R, Rivier C, Yamamoto G, Plotsky P, Vale W (1987) Interleukin-1 stimulates the secretion of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor. Science 238:522–524

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Simons LA, McCallum J, Friedlander Y, Simons J (1998) Risk factors for ischemic stroke: Dubbo Study of the elderly. Stroke 29:1341–1346

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Strike PC, Steptoe A (2004) Psychosocial factors in the development of coronary artery disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 46:337–347

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Strong K, Mathers C, Bonita R (2007) Preventing stroke: saving lives around the world. Lancet Neurol 6:182–187

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Surtees PG, Wainwright NW, Luben RL, Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, Khaw KT (2007) Adaptation to social adversity is associated with stroke incidence: evidence from the EPIC-Norfolk prospective cohort study. Stroke 38:1447–1453

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Troxel WM, Matthews KA, Bromberger JT, Sutton-Tyrrell K (2003) Chronic stress burden, discrimination, and subclinical carotid artery disease in African American and Caucasian women. Health Psychol 22:300–309

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Truelsen T, Nielsen N, Boysen G, Gronbaek M (2003) Self-reported stress and risk of stroke: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Stroke 34:856–862

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Tsutsumi A, Kayaba K, Kario K, Ishikawa S (2009) Prospective study on occupational stress and risk of stroke. Arch Intern Med 169:56–61

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Urbina EM, Srinivasan SR, Tang R, Bond MG, Kieltyka L, Berenson GS (2002) Impact of multiple coronary risk factors on the intima-media thickness of different segments of carotid artery in healthy young adults (The Bogalusa Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 90:953–958

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Vestling M, Tufvesson B, Iwarsson S (2003) Indicators for return to work after stroke and the importance of work for subjective well-being and life satisfaction. J Rehabil Med 35:127–131

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Wang HX, Leineweber C, Kirkeeide R, Svane B, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Theorell T, Orth-Gomer K (2007) Psychosocial stress and atherosclerosis: family and work stress accelerate progression of coronary disease in women. The Stockholm Female Coronary Angiography Study. J Intern Med 261:245–254

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Applegate WB, Berge K, Chang CJ, Davis BR, Grimm R Jr, Kostis J, Pressel S, Schron E (1996) Change in depression as a precursor of cardiovascular events. SHEP Cooperative Research Group (Systolic Hypertension in the elderly). Arch Intern Med 156:553–561

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Whipple MO, Lewis TT, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Matthews KA, Barinas-Mitchell E, Powell LH, Everson-Rose SA (2009) Hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and carotid atherosclerosis in women: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) heart study. Stroke 40:3166–3172

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. White H, Boden-Albala B, Wang C, Elkind MS, Rundek T, Wright CB, Sacco RL (2005) Ischemic stroke subtype incidence among whites, blacks, and Hispanics: the Northern Manhattan Study. Circulation 111:1327–1331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Whyte EM, Mulsant BH (2002) Post stroke depression: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and biological treatment. Biol Psychiatry 52:253–264

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Williams JE (2010) Anger/hostility and cardiovascular disease. In: Potegal M, Stemmler G, Spielberger C (eds) International handbook of anger: constituent and concomitant biological, psychological, and social processes. Springer Science+Business Media, New York

    Google Scholar 

  97. Williams JE, Nieto FJ, Sandford CP, Couper DJ, Tyroler HA, Algra A (2002) The association between trait anger and incident stroke risk: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Stroke 33:13–20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Yudkin JS, Kumari M, Humphries SE, Mohamed-Ali V (2000) Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link? Atherosclerosis 148:209–214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Dr. Everson-Rose was supported in part by NIH grants P60MD003422, R01HL084209, R21HL091290, R01HL089862, and R03AG040738; Ms. Henderson was supported by NIH grant 3R01HL084209-S1. Dr. Everson-Rose additionally is supported by the University of Minnesota’s Program in Health Disparities Research and Applied Clinical Research Program. Contents of this chapter are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent views of the NIH, NIMHD, NHLBI, or NIA.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health and Program in Health Disparities Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Susan A. Everson-Rose & Kimberly M. Fordham

Authors
  1. Susan A. Everson-Rose
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kimberly M. Fordham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susan A. Everson-Rose .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Shari R. Waldstein

  2. Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands

    Willem J. Kop

  3. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

    Edward C. Suarez

  4. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    William R. Lovallo

  5. Division of Gerontology Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Leslie I. Katzel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Everson-Rose, S.A., Fordham, K.M. (2022). Stroke and Carotid Artery Disease. In: Waldstein, S.R., Kop, W.J., Suarez, E.C., Lovallo, W.R., Katzel, L.I. (eds) Handbook of Cardiovascular Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-85960-6_50

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation