Abstract
Any surface immersed in the aqueous reaction mixture used for the preparation of polyaniline becomes coated with a polyaniline film of submicrometre thickness. In this way, various materials can be modified by an overlayer of conducting polymer. The present review illustrates the role of infrared, Raman, and UV-VIS spectroscopies in the studies of polyaniline film growth. Spectroscopic methods are crucial in the evaluation of the performance of polyaniline films alone or in combination with nanoparticles of noble metals. The assessment of film ageing and stability can be followed conveniently by these methods. Carbonization of polyaniline films to nitrogen-containing carbon analogues is also discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Armes, S. P. (1996). Conducting polymer colloids. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 1, 214–220. DOI:10.1016/s1359-0294(96)80007-0.
Avlyanov, J. K., Josefowicz, J. Y., & MacDiarmid, A. G. (1995). Atomic force microscopy surface morphology studies of “in situ” deposited polyaniline films. Synthetic Metals, 73, 205–208. DOI: 10.1016/0379-6779(95)80017-4.
Ayad, M. M., Prastomo, N., Matsuda, A., & Stejskal, J. (2010). Sensing of silver ions by nanotubular polyaniline film deposited on quartz-crystal in a microbalance. Synthetic Metals, 160, 42–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2009.09.030.
Ayad, M. M., Salahuddin, N., & Shenashin, M. A. (2004). The optimum HCl concentration for the in situ polyaniline film formation. Synthetic Metals, 142, 101–106. DOI:10.1016/j.synthmet.2003.07.009.
Ayad, M. M., & Torad, N. L. (2009). Alcohol vapors sensor based on thin polyaniline salt film and quartz crystal microbalance. Talanta, 78, 1280–1285. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.01.053.
Ayad, M. M., & Zaki, E. A. (2009). Effect of water on inorganic acids doped polyaniline. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 114, 1384–1389. DOI: 10.1002/app.30631.
Bai, H., & Shi, G. Q. (2007). Gas sensors based on conducting polymers. Sensors, 7, 267–307. DOI: 10.3390/s7030267.
Baibarac, M., Baltog, I., Lefrant, S., Mevellec, J. Y., & Chauvet, O. (2003). Polyaniline and carbon nanotubes based composites containing whole units and fragments of nanotubes. Chemistry of Materials, 15, 4149–4156. DOI:10.1021/cm021287x.
Baibarac, M., Mihut, L., Louarn, G., Lefrant, S., & Baltog, I. (2000). Do** and metallic-support effect evidenced on SERS spectra of polyaniline thin films. Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics, 38, 2599–2609. DOI: 10.1002/1099-0488(20001001)38:19〈2599::AIDPOLB120〉3.0.CO;2-Y.
Baibarac, M., Mihut, L., Louarn, G., Mevellec, J. Y., Wery, J., Lefrant, S., & Baltog, I. (1999). Interfacial chemical effect evidenced on SERS spectra of polyaniline thin films deposited on rough metallic supports. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 30, 1105–1113.
Bernard, M. C., & Hugot-Le Goff, A. (2006a). Quantitative characterization of polyaniline films using Raman spectroscopy I: Polaron lattice and bipolaron. Electrochimica Acta, 52, 595–603. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.05.039.
Bernard, M. C., & Hugot-Le Goff, A. (2006b). Quantitative characterization of polyaniline films using Raman spectroscopy II. Effects of self-do** in sulfonated polyaniline. Electrochimica Acta, 52, 728–735. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.05.061.
Bessière, A., Duhamel, C., Badot, J.C., Lucas, V., & Certiat, M. C. (2004). Study and optimization of a flexible electrochromic device based on polyaniline. Electrochimica Acta, 49, 2051–2055. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2003.12.034.
Bhadra, S., Khastgir, D., Singha, N. K., & Lee, J. H. (2009). Progress in preparation, processing and applications of polyaniline. Progress in Polymer Science, 34, 783–810. DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.04.003.
Blinova, N. V., Stejskal, J., Trchová, M., Ćirić-Marjanović, G., & Sapurina, I. (2007a). Polymerization of aniline on polyaniline membranes. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 111, 2440–2448. DOI: 10.1021/jp067370f.
Blinova, N. V., Stejskal, J., Trchová, M., & Prokeš, J. (2006). Polyaniline prepared in solutions of phosphoric acid: Powders, thin films, and colloidal dispersions. Polymer, 47, 42–48. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.10.145.
Blinova, N. V., Stejskal, J., Trchová, M., Prokeš, J., & Omastová, M. (2007b). Polyaniline and polypyrrole: A comparative study of the preparation. European Polymer Journal, 43, 2331–2341. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.03.045.
Bouazza, S., Alonzo, V., & Hauchard, D. (2009). Synthesis and characterization of Ag nanoparticles-polyaniline composite powder material. Synthetic Metals, 159, 1612–1619. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2009.04.025.
Boyer, M. I., Quillard, S., Louarn, G., Froyer, G., & Lefrant, S. (2000). Vibrational study of the FeCl3-doped dimer of polyaniline. A good model compound of emeraldine salt. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 104, 8952–8961. DOI: 10.1021/jp000946v.
Boyer, M. I., Quillard, S., Rebourt, E., Louarn, G., Buisson, J. P., Monkman, A., & Lefrant, S. (1998). Vibrational analysis of polyaniline: A model compound approach. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 102, 7382–7392. DOI:10.1021/jp972652o.
Branzoi, V., Branzoi, F., & Pilan, L. (2010). Electrochemical fabrication and capacitance of composite films of carbon nanotubes and polyaniline. Surface and Interface Analysis, 42, 1266–1270. DOI: 10.1002/sia.3387.
Brožovřřová, J., Stejskal, J., & Trchová, M. (2008). The stability of polyaniline in strongly alkaline or acidic aqueous media. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93, 592–600. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.01.012.
Buzarovska, A., Arsova, I., & Arsov, L. (2001). Electrochemical synthesis of poly(2-methyl aniline): electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 66, 27–37.
Canobre, S. C., Almeida, D. A. L., Polo Fonseca, C., & Neves, S. (2009). Synthesis and characterization of hybrid composites based on carbon nanotubes. Electrochimica Acta, 54, 6383–6388. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.06.002.
Cao, Y. (1990). Spectroscopic studies of acceptor and donor do** of polyaniline in the emeraldine base and pernigraniline forms. Synthetic Metals, 35, 319–332. DOI: 10.1016/0379-6779(90)90216-8.
Chandrakanthi, N., & Careem, M. A. (2000). Preparation and characterization of fully oxidized form of polyaniline. Polymer Bulletin, 45, 113–120. DOI: 10.1007/s002890070038.
Chandrakanthi, N., & Careem, M. A. (2003). Optical spectroscopic studies of pernigraniline and emeraldine base forms of polyaniline. Synthetic Metals, 135–136, 337–338. DOI: 10.1016/s0379-6779(02)00609-4.
Chiang, J. C., & MacDiarmid, A. G. (1986). ’Polyaniline’: Protonic acid do** of the emeraldine form to the metallic regime. Synthetic Metals, 13, 193–205. DOI: 10.1016/0379-6779(86)90070-6.
Chinn, D., DuBow, J., Liess, M., Josowicz, M., & Janata, J. (1995). Comparison of chemically and electrochemically prepared polyaniline films. 1. Electrical properties. Chemistry of Materials, 7, 1504–1509. DOI: 10.1021/cm00056a016.
Choi, H. J., & Jhon, M. S. (2009). Electrorheology of polymers and nanocomposites. Soft Matter, 5, 1562–1567. DOI: 10.1039/b818368f.
Choi, C. H., & Kertesz, M. (1997). Conformational studies of vibrational properties and electronic states of leucoemeraldine base and its oligomers. Macromolecules, 30, 620–630. DOI:10.1021/ma961120n.
Ćirić-Marjanović, G., Konyushenko, E. N., Trchová, M., & Stejskal, J. (2008a). Chemical oxidative polymerization of anilinium sulfate versus aniline: Theory and experiment. Synthetic Metals, 158, 200–211. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2008.01.005.
Ćirić-Marjanović, G., Trchová, M., Konyushenko, E. N., Holler, P., & Stejskal, J. (2008b). Chemical oxidative polymerization of aminophenylenediamines. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 112, 6976–6987. DOI: 10.1021/jp710963e.
Ćirić-Marjanović, G., Trchová, M., & Stejskal, J. (2008c). The chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in water: Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 39, 1375–1387. DOI: 10.1002/jrs.2007.
Cochet, M., Louarn, G., Quillard, S., Boyer, M. I., Buisson, J. P., & Lefrant, S. (2000). Theoretical and experimental vibrational study of polyaniline in base forms: non-planar analysis. Part I. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 31, 1029–1039. DOI: 10.1002/1097-4555(200011)31:11〈1029::AID-JRS640〉3.0.CO;2-A.
Colomban, Ph., Folch, S., & Gruger, A. (1999) Vibrational study of short-range order and structure of polyaniline bases and salts. Macromolecules, 32, 3080–3092. DOI:10.1021/ma981018l.
Colomban, Ph., Gruger, A., Novak, A., & Régis, A. (1994). Infrared and Raman study of polyaniline Part I. Hydrogen bonding and electronic mobility in emeraldine salts. Journal of Molecular Structure, 317, 261–271. DOI: 10.1016/0022-2860(93)07898-7.
Deepshikha, & Basu, T. (2011). A review on synthesis and characterization of nanostructured conducting polymers (NSPC) and application in biosensors. Analytical Letters, 44, 1126–1171. DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.511734.
Deshpande, N.G., Gudage, Y. G., Devan, R. S., Ma, Y. R., Lee, Y. P., & Sharma, R. (2009). Room-temperature gas sensing studies of polyaniline thin films deposited on different substrates. Smart Materials and Structures, 18(9), 095010/1–6. DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/18/9/095010.
Ding, H. J., Shen, J. Y., Wan, M. X., & Chen, Z. J. (2008). Formation mechanism of polyaniline nanotubes by a simpli fied template-free method. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 209, 864–871. DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700624.
Ding, H. J., Wan, M. X., & Wei, Y. (2007). Controlling the diameter of polyaniline nanofibers by adjusting the oxidant redox potential. Advanced Materials, 19, 465–469. DOI: 10.1002/adma.200600831.
Ding, L. L., Wang, X. W., & Gregory, R. V. (1999). Thermal properties of chemically synthesized polyaniline (EB) powder. Synthetic Metals, 104, 73–78. DOI: 10.1016/s0379-6779(99)00035-1.
Ding, H. J., Zhu, C. J., Zhou, Z. M., Wan, M. X., & Wei, Y. (2006). Monodispersed and oriented microspheres of polyaniline. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 207, 1159–1165. DOI: 10.1002/macp.200600158.
Dhand, C., Das, M., Datta, M., & Malhotra, B. D. (2011). Recent advances in polyaniline based biosensors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 26, 2811–2821. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.10.017.
Dolan, A. R., & Wood, T. D. (2004). Synthesis and characterization of low molecular weight oligomers of soluble polyaniline by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Synthetic Metals, 143, 243–250. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2003.12.010.
do Nascimento, G. M., Constantino, V. R. L., Landers, R., & Temperini, M. L. A. (2004a). Aniline polymerization into montmorillonite clay: A spectroscopic investigation of the intercalated conducting polymer. Macromolecules, 37, 9373–9385. DOI: 10.1021/ma049054+.
do Nascimento, G. M., Constantino, V. R. L., & Temperini, M. L. A. (2004b). Spectroscopic characterization of doped poly(benzidine) and its nanocomposite with cationic clay. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108, 5564–5571. DOI: 10.1021/jp037262i.
do Nascimento, G. M., Corio, P., Novickis, R. W., Temperini, M. L. A., & Dresselhaus, M. S. (2005). Synthesis and characterization of single-wall-carbon-nanotube-doped emeraldine salt and base polyaniline nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 43, 815–822. DOI:10.1002/pola.20551.
do Nascimento, G. M., Kobata, P. Y. G., Millen, R. P., & Temperini, M. L. A. (2007). Raman dispersion in polyaniline base forms. Synthetic Metals, 157, 247–251. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2007.02.003.
do Nascimento, G. M., Kobata, P. Y. G., & Temperini, M. L. A. (2008a). Structural and vibrational characterization of polyaniline nanofibers prepared from interfacial polymerization. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 112, 11551–11557. DOI: 10.1021/jp804154k.
do Nascimento, G. M., Pereira da Silva, J. E., Córdoba de Torresi, S. I., & Temperini, M. L. A. (2002). Comparison of secondary do** and thermal treatment in poly(diphenylamine) and polyaniline monitored by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Macromolecules, 35, 121–125. DOI: 10.1021/ma010920h.
do Nascimento, G. M., Silva, T. B., Corio, P., & Dresselhaus, M. S. (2010). Charge-transfer behavior of polyaniline single wall carbon nanotubes nanocomposites monitored by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 41, 1587–1593. DOI: 10.1002/jrs.2598.
do Nascimento, G. M., Silva, C. H. B., Izumi, C. M. S., & Temperini, M. L. A. (2008b). The role of cross-linking structures to the formation of one-dimensional nano-organized polyaniline and their Raman fingerprint. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 71, 869–875. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.02.009.
do Nascimento, G. M., Silva, C. H. B., & Temperini, M. L. A. (2006). Electronic structure and do** behavior of PANINSA nanofibers investigated by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 27, 255–259. DOI: 10.1002/marc.200500690.
do Nascimento, G. M., Silva, C. H. B., & Temperini, M. L. A. (2008c). Spectroscopic characterization of the structural changes of polyaniline nanofibers after heating. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93, 291–297. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.09.001.
do Nascimento, G. M., & Temperini, M. L. A. (2008). Studies on the resonance Raman spectra of polyaniline obtained with near-IR excitation. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 39, 772–778. DOI: 10.1002/jrs.1841.
Drelinkiewicz, A., Waksmundzka-Góra, A., Sobczak, J. W., & Stejskal, J. (2007). Hydrogenation of 2-ethyl-9,10-anthraquinone on Pd-polyaniline(SiO2) composite catalyst. The effect of humidity. Applied Catalysis A: General, 333, 219–228. DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2007.09.011.
Dresselhaus, M. S., Jorio, A., Hofmann, M., Dresselhaus, G., & Saito, R. (2010). Perspectives on carbon nanotubes and graphene Raman spectroscopy. Nano Letters, 10, 751–758. DOI: 10.1021/nl904286r.
Dutta, D., Sarma, T. K., Chowdhury, D., & Chattopadhyay, A. (2005). A polyaniline-containing filter paper that acts as a sensor, acid, base, and endpoint indicator and also filters acids and bases. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 283, 153–159. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.08.051.
El-Said, W. A., Yea, C. H., Choi, J. W., & Kwon, I. K. (2009). Ultrathin polyaniline film coated on an indium-tin oxide cellbased chip for study of anticancer effect. Thin Solid Films, 518, 661–667. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2009.07.062.
Engert, C., Umapathy, S., Kiefer, W., & Hamaguchi, H. (1994). Dynamic structure of charge carrier in polyaniline by near-infrared excited resonance Raman spectroscopy. Chemical Physics Letters, 218, 87–92. DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(93)e1468-v.
Epstein, A. J., Ginder, J. M., Zuo, F., Woo, H. S., Tanner, D. B., Richter, A. F., Angelopoulos, M., Huang, W. S., & MacDiarmid, A. G. (1987). Insulator-to-metal transition in polyaniline: Effect of protonation in emeraldine. Synthetic Metals, 21, 63–70. DOI: 10.1016/0379-6779(87)90067-1.
Fedorova, S., & Stejskal, J. (2002). Surface and precipitation polymerization of aniline. Langmuir, 18, 5630–5632. DOI: 10.1021/la025665o.
Ferrer-Anglada, N., Kaempgen, M., Skákalová, V., Dettlaf-Weglikowska, U., & Roth, S. (2004). Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotube-conducting polymer thin films. Diamond and Related Materials, 13, 256–260. DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2003.10.026.
Foreman, J. P., & Monkman, A. P. (2003). Theoretical investigations into the structural and electronic influences on the hydrogen bonding in doped polyaniline. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 107, 7604–7610. DOI: 10.1021/jp030398w.
Furukawa, Y., Ueda, F., Hyodo, Y., Harada, I., Nakajima, T., & Kawagoe, T. (1988). Vibrational spectra and structure of polyaniline. Macromolecules, 21, 1297–1305. DOI:10.1021/ma00183a020.
Gao, C. L., Ai, M., Li, X., & Xu, Z., (2011). Basic amino acid assisted-fabrication of rectangular nanotube, circular nanotube, and hollow microsphere of polyaniline: Adjusting and controlling effect of pH value. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 49, 2173–2182. DOI:10.1002/pola.24647.
Germain, J., Fréchet, J. M. J., & Svec, F. (2009). Nanoporous polymers for hydrogen storage. Small, 5, 1098–1111. DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801762.
Gospodinova, N., & Terlemezyan, L. (1998). Conducting polymers prepared by oxidative polymerization: polyaniline. Progress in Polymer Science, 23, 1443–1484. DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6700(98)00008-2.
Gu, D. W., Li, J. S., Liu, J. L., Cai, Y. M., & Shen, L. J. (2005). Polyaniline thin films in situ polymerized under very high pressure. Synthetic Metals, 150, 175–179. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.02.009
Han, G. Y., Yuan, J. Y., Shi, G. Q., & Wei, F. (2005). Electrodeposition of polypyrrole/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite films. Thin Solid Films, 474, 64–69. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2004.08.011.
Han, J., Song, G., & Guo, R. (2006). A facile solution route for polymeric hollow spheres with controllable size. Advanced Materials, 18, 3140–3144. DOI: 10.1002/adma.200600282.
Halvorson, C., Cao, Y., Moses, D., & Heeger, A. J. (1993). Third order nonlinear optical susceptibility of polyaniline. Synthetic Metals, 57, 3941–3944. DOI: 10.1016/0379-6779(93)90538-8.
Hasik, M., Paluszkiewicz, C., & Wenda, E. (2002). Interaction between polyanilines and platinum(IV) ions: vibrational spectroscopic studies. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 29, 191–195. DOI: 10.1016/s0924-2031(01)00166-7.
Ho, K. S., Han, Y. K., Tuan, Y. T., Huang, Y. J., Wang, Y. Z., Ho, T. H., Hsieh, T. H., Lin, J. J., & Lin, S. C. (2009). Formation and degradation mechanism of a novel nanofibrous polyaniline. Synthetic Metals, 159, 1202–1209. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2009.02.047.
Hopkins, A. R., Lipeles, R. A., & Hwang, S. J. (2008). Morphology characterization of polyaniline nano- and microstructures. Synthetic Metals, 158, 594–601. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2008.04.018.
Huang, Y. F., & Lin, C. W. (2009). Introduction of methanol in the formation of polyaniline nanotubes in an acid-free aqueous solution through a self-curling process. Polymer, 50, 775–782. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.12.016.
Huang, K., Meng, X. H., & Wan, M. X. (2006). Polyaniline hollow microspheres constructed with their own self-assembled nanofibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 100, 3050–3054. DOI: 10.1002/app.23704.
Huang, Z., Wang, P. C., Feng, J., MacDiarmid, A. G., **a, Y., & Whitesides, G. M. (1997). Selective deposition of films of polypyrrole, polyaniline and nickel on hydrophobic/hydrophilic patterned surfaces and applications. Synthetic Metals, 85, 1375–1376. DOI: 10.1016/s0379-6779(97)80279-2.
Hughes, M., Chen, G. Z., Shaffer, M. S. P., Fray, D. J., & Windle, A. H. (2002). Electrochemical capacitance of a nanoporous composite of carbon nanotubes and polypyrrole. Chemistry of Materials, 14, 1610–1613. DOI: 10.1021/cm010744r.
Hugot-Le Goff, A., & Bernard, M. C. (1993). Protonation and oxidation processes in polyaniline thin films studied by optical multichannel analysis and in situ Raman spectroscopy. Synthetic Metals, 60, 115–131. DOI: 10.1016/0379-6779(93)91230-y.
Huyen, D. N., Ky, T. V., & Thanh, L. H. (2009). In situ chemically polymerised polyaniline nanolayer: characterisation and sensing materials. Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 4, 203–212. DOI: 10.1080/17458080903236407.
Izumi, C. M. S., Constantino, V. R. L., & Temperini, M. L. A. (2005). Spectroscopic characterization of polyaniline formed by using copper(II) in homogeneous and MCM-41 molecular sieve media. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109, 22131–22140. DOI: 10.1021/jp051630w.
Job, A. E., Herrmann, P. S. P., Jr., Vaz, D. O., & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2001). Comparison between different conditions of the chemical polymerization of polyaniline on top of PET films. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 79, 1220–1229. DOI: 10.1002/1097-4628(20010214)79:7〈1220::AID-APP90〉3.0.CO;2-3.
Josefowicz, J. Y., Avlyanov, J. K., & MacDiarmid, A. G. (2001). Complete alignment of polyaniline monolayers on muscovite mica: epitaxial effects of a lattice-matched substrate. Thin Solid Films, 393, 186–192. DOI: 10.1016/s0040-6090(01)01067-7.
Kalbčvan, L., & Dunsch, L. (2009). An in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical study of the controlled do** of semiconducting single walled carbon nanotubes in a conducting polymer matrix. Synthetic Metals, 159, 2245–2248. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2009.07.059.
Kalendová, A., Vesely, D., Stejskal, J., & Trchová, M. (2008). Anticorrosion efficiency of inorganic coatings depending on the pigment volume concentration of polyaniline phosphate. Progress in Organic Coatings, 63, 209–221. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2008.06.001.
Kang, E. T., Neoh, K. G., & Tan, K. L. (1998). Polyaniline: A polymer with many interesting intrinsic redox states. Progress in Polymer Science, 23, 277–324. DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6700(97)00030-0.
Karpakam, V., Kamaraj, K., Sathiyanarayanan, S., Venkatachari, G., & Ramu, S. (2011). Electrosynthesis of polyaniline-molybdate coating on steel and its corrosion protection performance. Electrochimica Acta, 56, 2165–2173. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.11.099.
Kellenberger, A., Dmitrieva, E., & Dunsch, L. (2011). The stabilization of charged states at phenazine-like units in polyaniline under p-do**: an in situ ATR-FTIR spectroelectrochemical study. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 13, 3411–3420. DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01264e.
Kim, B. R., Lee, H. K., Park, S. H., & Kim H. K. (2011). Electromagnetic interference shielding characteristics and shielding effectiveness of polyaniline-coated films. Thin Solid Films, 519, 3492–3496. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2011.01.093.
Kocherginsky, N. M., & Wang, Z. (2006). Redox reactions of polyaniline films doped with d,l-camphor sulfonic acid. Reactive & Functional Polymers, 66, 1384–1393. DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.04.002.
Konyushenko, E. N., Kazantseva, N. E., Stejskal, J., Trchová, M., Kovřřovshkoá, M. M., Demicheva, O. V., & Prokeš, J. (2008). Ferromagnetic behaviour of polyaniline-coated multi-wall carbon nanotubes containing nickel nanoparticles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 320, 231–240. DOI: 0.1016/j.jmmm.2007.05.036.
Konyushenko, E. N., Stejskal, J., Šeděnková, M., Sapurina, I., Cieslar, M., & Prokeš, J. (2006a). Polyaniline nanotubes: conditions of formation. Polymer International, 55, 31–39. DOI: 10.1002/pi.1899.
Konyushenko, E. N., Stejskal, J., Trchová, M., Hradil, J., Kovářová, J., Cieslar, M., Hwang, J. Y., Chen, K. H., & Sapurina, I. (2006b). Multi-wall carbon nanotubes coated with polyaniline. Polymer, 47, 5715–5723. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.05.059.
Konyushenko, E. N., Trchová, M., Stejskal, J., & Sapurina, I. (2010). The role of acidity profile in the nanotubular growth of polyaniline. Chemical Papers, 64, 56–64. DOI: 10.2478/s11696-009-0101-z.
Křžá, M., & Stejskal, J. (2011). NMR investigation of aniline oligomers produced in the oxidation of aniline in alkaline medium. Polymer International, 60, 1296–1302. DOI: 10.1002/pi.3079.
Křžá, M., Konyushenko, E. N., & Stejskal, J. (2009). NMR Investigation of aniline oligomers produced in the early stages of oxidative polymerization of aniline. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113, 6666–6673. DOI: 10.1021/jp9007834.
Kulkarni, S. B., Joshi, S. S., & Lokhande, C. D. (2011). Facile and efficient route for preparation of nanostructured polyaniline thin films: Schematic model for simplest oxidative chemical polymerization. Chemical Engineering Journal, 166, 1179–1185. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2010.12.032.
Kuzmany, H., & Sariciftci, N. S. (1987). In situ spectroelectrochemical studies of polyaniline. Synthetic Metals, 18, 353–358. DOI: 10.1016/0379-6779(87)90904-0.
Kuzmin, S. V., Sáha, P., Sudar, N. T., Zakrevskii, V. A., Sapurina, I., Solosin, S., Trchová, M., & Stejskal, J. (2008). Electrical strength of thin polyaniline films. Thin Solid Films, 516, 2181–2187. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2007.07.138.
Langer, J. J., & Golczak, S. (2007). Highly carbonized polyaniline micro- and nanotubes. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 92, 330–334. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.07.018.
Laslau, C., Zujovic, Z., & Travas-Sejdic, J. (2010). Theories of polyaniline nanostructure self-assembly: Towards and expanded, comprehensive Multi-Layer Theory (MLT). Progress in Polymer Science, 35, 1403–1419. DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.08.002.
Laslau, C., Zujovic, Z. D., Zhang, L. J., Bowmaker, G. A., & Travas-Sejdic, J. (2009). Morphological evolution of selfassembled polyaniline nanostructures obtained by pH-stat chemical oxidation. Chemistry of Materials, 21, 954–962. DOI: 10.1021/cm803447a.
Lefrant, S., & Bullot, J. (1993). Optical spectroscopy of conducting polymers: Experimental methods. Materials Science Forum, 122, 25–40. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.122.25.
Lei, Z. B., Zhao, M. Y., Dang, L. Q., An, L. Z., Lu, M., Lo, A. Y., Yu, N. Y., & Liu, S. B. (2009). Structural evolution and electrocatalytic application of nitrogen-doped carbon shells synthesized by pyrolysis of near-monodisperse polyaniline nanospheres. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 19, 5985–5995. DOI: 10.1039/b908223a.
Lenhart, N., Crowley, K., Killard, A. J., Smyth, M. R., & Morrin, A. (2011). Inkjet printable polyaniline-gold dispersions. Thin Solid Films, 519, 4351–4356. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2011.02.045.
Lepró, X., Terrés, E., Vega-Cantú, Y., RodrÍguez-MacÍas, F. J., Muramatsu, H., Kim, Y. A., Hayashi, T., Endo, M., Torres, M. R., & Terrones, M. (2008). Efficient anchorage of Pt clusters on N-doped carbon nanotubes and their catalytic activity. Chemical Physics Letters, 463, 124–129. DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.08.001.
Li, W. G., Jia, Q. X., & Wang, H. L. (2006a) Facile synthesis of metal nanoparticles using conducting polymer colloids. Polymer, 47, 23–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.11.032.
Li, D., & Kaner, R. B. (2005). Processable stabilizer-free polyaniline nanofiber aqueous colloids. Chemical Communications, 2005, 3286–3288. DOI: 10.1039/b504020e.
Li, L. M., Liu, E. H., Li, J., Yang, Y. J., Shen, H. J., Huang, Z. Z., **ang, X. X., & Li, W. (2010). A doped activated carbon prepared from polyaniline for high performance supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 195, 1516–1521. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.09.016.
Li, J. S., Shen, L. J., Gu, D. W., Yuan, P. F., Cui, X. B., & Yang, N. R. (2006b). Optimum conditions for the preparation of polyaniline films under very high pressure. Reactive & Functional Polymers, 66, 1319–1326. DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.03.014.
Li, G. C., Zhang, C. Q., & Peng, H. R. (2008). Facile synthesis of self-assembled polyaniline nanodisks. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 29, 63–67. DOI: 10.1002/marc.200700584.
Lindfors, T., & Ivaska, A. (2005) Raman based pH measurements with polyaniline. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 580, 320–329. DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.03.042.
Lin-Vien, D., Colthup, N. B., Fateley, W. G., & Grasselli, J. G. (1991). The handbook of infrared and Raman characteristic frequencies of organic molecules. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press.
Liu, C. J., Hayashi, K., & Toko, K. (2009). A novel formation process of polyaniline micro-/nanofiber network on solid substrates. Synthetic Metals, 159, 1077–1081. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2009.01.029.
Liu, C. J., Hayashi, K., & Toko, K. (2011). Template-free deposition of polyaniline nanostructures on solid substrates with horizontal orientation. Macromolecules, 44, 2212–2219. DOI: 10.1021/ma1023878.
Liu, P., & Zhang, L. (2009). Hollow nanostructured polyaniline: Preparation, properties and applications. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Science, 34, 75–87. DOI: 10.1080/10408430902875968.
Louarn, G., Lapkowski, M., Quillard, S., Pron, A., Buisson, J. P., & Lefrant, S. (1996). Vibrational properties of polyaniline-isotope effects. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 100, 6998–7006. DOI: 10.1021/jp953387e.
Lu, Y., Ren, Y., Wang, L., Wang, X. D., & Li, C. X. (2009). Template synthesis of conducting polyaniline composites based on honeycomb ordered polycarbonate film. Polymer, 50, 2035–2039. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.02.026.
Lu, X. F., Zhang, W. J., Wang, C., Wen, T. C., & Wei, Y. (2011). One-dimensional conducting polymer nanocomposites: Synthesis, properties and applications. Progress in Polymer Science, 36, 671–712. DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.07.010.
MacDiarmid, A. G. (1997). Polyaniline and polypyrrole: Where are we headed? Synthetic Metals, 84, 27–34. DOI: 10.1016/s0379-6779(97)80658-3.
MacDiarmid, A. G., Yang, L. S., Huang, W. S., & Humphrey, B. D. (1987). Polyaniline: Electrochemistry and application to rechargeable batteries. Synthetic Metals, 18, 393–398. DOI: 10.1016/0379-6779(87)90911-8.
Mack, N. H., Bailey, J. A., Doorn, S. K., Chen, C. A., Gau, H. M., Xu, P., Williams, D. J., Akhadov, E. A., & Wang, H. L. (2011). Mechanistic study of silver nanoparticles formation on conducting polymer surface. Langmuir, 27, 4979–4984. DOI: 10.1021/la103644j.
Maeda, S., Cairns, D. B., & Armes, S. P. (1997). New reactive polyelectrolyte stabilizers for polyaniline colloids. European Polymer Journal, 33, 245–253. DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(96)00164-4.
Maiyalagan, T., Viswanathan, B., & Varadaraju, U. V. (2005). Nitrogen containing carbon nanotubes as supports for Pt — Alternate anodes for fuel cell applications. Electrochemistry Communications, 7, 905–912. DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.07.007.
Makeiff, D. A., & Huber, T. (2006). Microwave absorption by polyaniline-carbon nanotube composites. Synthetic Metals, 156, 497–505. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.05.019.
Malinauskas, A. (2001). Chemical deposition of conducting polymers. Polymer, 42, 3957–3972. DOI: 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00800-4.
Matveeva, E. S., Diaz Calleja, R., & Parkhutik, V. (1998). Equivalent circuit analysis of the electrical properties of conducting polymers: Electrical relaxation mechanisms in polyaniline under dry and wet conditions. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 235–237, 772–780. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3093(98)00628-0.
Mascaro, L. H., & Gonçalves, D. (2007). Precipitation and surface polymerizations of aniline at different aniline:oxidizer molar ratios. E-Polymers, no. 071.
Mažeikiené, R., & Malinauskas, A. (2000). Deposition of polyaniline on glass and platinum by autocatalytic oxidation of aniline with dichromate. Synthetic Metals, 108, 9–14. DOI: 10.1016/s0379-6779(99)00172-1.
Mažeikiené, R., Niaura, G., & Malinauskas, A. (2005). In situ Raman spectroelectrochemical study of electrocatalytic processes at polyaniline modified electrodes: Redox vs. metal-like catalysis. Electrochemistry Communications, 7, 1021–1026. DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.06.010.
Mažeikiené R., Statino, A., Kuodis, Z., Niaura, G., & Malinauskas, A. (2006). In situ Raman spectroelectrochemical study of self-doped polyaniline degradation kinetics. Electrochemistry Communications, 8, 1082–1086. DOI:10.1016/j.elecom.2006.04.017.
Mazur, M., & Krysinski, P. (2001). Polymer sandwiches: polyaniline films deposited on thiol-coated gold by chemical in situ method. Thin Solid Films, 396, 131–137. DOI:10.1016/s0040-6090(01)01258-5
Mazur, M., Michota-Kaminska, A., & Bukowska, J. (2007). Surface-catalyzed growth of poly(2-methoxyaniline) on gold. Electrochimica Acta, 52, 5669–5676. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.10.043.
Menshikova, I. P., Pyshkina, O. A., Levon, K., & Sergeyev, V. G. (2009). Effect of polyaniline particle size on the properties of a polyaniline-nylon 6 composite. Colloid Journal, 71, 233–238. DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x09020124.
Mentus, S., Ćirić-Marjanović, G., Trchová, M., & Stejskal, J. (2009). Conducting carbonized polyaniline nanotubes. Nanotechnology, 20, 245601. DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/24/245601.
Michel, M., Bour, J., Petersen, J., Arnoult, C., Ettingshausen F., Roth, C., & Ruch, D. (2010). Atmospheric plasma deposition: A new pathway in the design of conducting polymerbased anodes for hydrogen fuel cells. Fuel Cells, 10, 932–937. DOI: 10.1002/fuce.201000050.
Monkman, A. P., & Adams, P. (1991). Structural characterisation of polyaniline free standing films. Synthetic Metals, 41, 891–896. DOI: 10.1016/0379-6779(91)91520-k.
Nasybulin, E., Menshikova, I., Sergeyev, V., & Levon, K. (2009). Preparation of conductive polyaniline/nylon 6 composite films by polymerization of aniline in nylon-6 matrix. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 114, 1643–1647. DOI:10.1002/app.30771.
Niaura, G., Mažeikiené, R., & Malinauskas, A. (2004). Structural changes in conducting form of polyaniline upon ring sulfonation as deduced by near infrared resonance Raman spectroscopy. Synthetic Metals, 145, 105–112. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2004.04.010.
Niemann, M. U., Srinivasan, S. S., Phani, A. R., Kumar, A., Goswami, D. Y., & Stefanakos, E. K. (2009). Room temperature reversible hydrogen storage in polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 9, 4561–4565. DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2009.1279.
Pereira da Silva, J. E., Córdoba de Torresi, S. I., de Faria, D. L. A., & Temperini, M. L. A. (1999). Raman characterization of polyaniline induced conformational changes. Synthetic Metals, 101, 834–835. DOI: 10.1016/s0379-6779(98)01300-9.
Pereira da Silva, J. E., Córdoba de Torresi, S. I., & Temperini, M. L. A. (2000a) Redox behavior of crosslinked polyaniline films. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 11, 91–94. DOI: 10.1590/s0103-50532000000100016.
Pereira da Silva, J. E., de Faria, D. L. A, Córdoba de Torresi, S. I., & Temperini, M. L. A. (2000b). Influence of thermal treatment on doped polyaniline studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Macromolecules, 33, 3077–3083. DOI:10.1021/ma990801q.
Philip, B. J., **e, J. N., Abraham, J. K., & Varadan, V. K. (2004). A new synthetic route to enhance polyaniline assembly on carbon nanotubes in tubular composites. Smart Materials and Structures, 13, N105–N108. DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/13/6/n02.
**, Z. (1996). In situ FTIR-attenuated total reflection spectroscopic investigations on the base-acid transitions of polyaniline. Base-acid transition in the emeraldine form of polyaniline. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 92, 3063–3067. DOI: 10.1039/ft9969203063.
**, Z., Nauer, G. E., Neugebauer, H., Theiner, J., & Neckel, A. (1997). In situ Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopic investigations on the base-acid transitions of leucoemeraldine. Electrochimica Acta, 42, 1693–1700. DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(96)00368-4.
Prasanna, G. D., Jayanna H. S., & Prasad, V. (2011). Preparation, structural, and electrical studies of polyaniline/ZnFe2O4 nanocomposites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 120, 2856–2862. DOI: 10.1002/app.33304.
Prokeš, J., Křivka, I., Tobolková, E., & Stejskal, J. (2000). Enhanced stability of polyaniline/inorganic salt composites during temperature cycling. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 68, 261–269. DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(00)00009-4.
Prokeš, J., & Stejskal, J. (2004). Polyaniline prepared in the presence of various acids: 2. Thermal stability of conductivity. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 86, 187–195. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.04.012.
Quadrat, O., & Stejskal, J. (2006). Polyaniline in electrorheology. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 12, 352–361.
Quillard, S., Louarn, G., Berrada, K., Lefrant, S., Coplin, K. A., Jessen, S. W., & Epstein, A. J. (1995). Resonance Raman scattering and photoinduced infrared absorption in different forms of polyanilines and substituted polyanilines. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, Science and Technology Section B: Nonlinear Optics, 10, 253–262.
Quillard, S., Louarn, G., Buisson, J. P., Boyer, M., Lapkowski, M., Pron, A., & Lefrant, S. (1997). Vibrational spectroscopic studies of the isotope effects in polyaniline. Synthetic Metals, 84, 805–806. DOI: 10.1016/s0379-6779(96)04155-0.
Quillard, S., Louarn, G., Lefrant, S., & MacDiarmid, A. G. (1994) Vibrational analysis of polyaniline: A comparative study of leucoemeraldine, emeraldine, and pernigraniline bases. Physical Review B, 50, 12496–12508. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.50.12496.
Rannou, P., & Nechtschein, M. (1997). Aging studies on polyaniline: conductivity and thermal stability. Synthetic Metals, 84, 755–756. DOI: 10.1016/s0379-6779(96)04131-8.
Riede, A., Helmstedt, M., Riede, V., Zemek, J., & Stejskal, J. (2000). In situ polymerized polyaniline films. 2. Dispersion polymerization of aniline in the presence of colloidal silica. Langmuir, 16, 6240–6244. DOI: 10.1021/la991414c.
Riede, A., Helmstedt, M., Sapurina, I., & Stejskal, J. (2002). In situ polymerized polyaniline films: 4. Film formation in dispersion polymerization of aniline. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 248, 413–418. DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2001.8197.
Rozlívková, Z., Trchová, M., Exnerová, M., & Stejskal, J. (2011a). The carbonization of granular polyaniline to produce nitrogen-containing carbon. Synthetic Metals, 161, 1122–1129. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2011.03.034.
RozlÍvková, Z., Trchová, M., Šeděnková, I., Špírková, M., & Stejskal, J. (2011b). Structure and stability of thin polyaniline films deposited in situ on silicon and gold during precipitation and dispersion polymerization of aniline hydrochloride. Thin Solid Films, 519, 5933–5941. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2011.03.025.
Saini, P., Choudhary, V., Singh, B. P., Mathur, R. B., & Dhawan, S. K. (2009). Polyaniline-MWCNT nanocomposites for microwave absorption and EMI shielding. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 113, 919–926. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.08.065.
Sajanlal, P. R., Sreeprasad, T. S., Nair, A. S., & Pradeep, T. (2008). Wires, plates, flowers, needles, and core-shells: Diverse nanostructures of gold using polyaniline templates. Langmuir, 24, 4607–4614. DOI: 10.1021/la703593c.
Salvatierra, R. V., Oliveira, M. M., & Zarbin, A. J. G. (2010). One-pot synthesis and processing of transparent, conducting, and free-standing carbon nanotubes/polyaniline composite films. Chemistry of Materials, 22, 5222–5234. DOI: 10.1021/cm1012153.
Sapurina, I. Yu., Kompan, M. E., Malyshkin, V. V., Rosanova, V. V., & Stejskal, J. (2009). Properties of proton-conducting Nafion-type membranes with nanometer-thick polyaniline surface layers. Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, 45, 697–706. DOI: 10.1134/s1023193509060123.
Sapurina, I. Yu., Kompan, M. E., Zabrodskii, A. G., Stejskal, J., & Trchová, M. (2007) Nanocomposites with a mixed electronic and protonic conduction for electrocatalysis. Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, 43, 528–536. DOI: 10.1134/s1023193507050059.
Sapurina, I., Osadchev, A. Yu., Volchek, B. Z., Trchová, M., Riede, A., & Stejskal, J. (2002). In-situ polymerized polyaniline films 5. Brush-like chain ordering. Synthetic Metals, 129, 29–37. DOI: 10.1016/s0379-6779(02)00036-x.
Sapurina, I., Riede, A., & Stejskal, J. (2001). In-situ polymerized polyaniline films 3. Film formation. Synthetic Metals, 123, 503–507. DOI: 10.1016/s0379-6779(01)00349-6.
Sapurina, I., & Stejskal, J. (2008). The mechanism of the oxidative polymerization of aniline and the formation of supramolecular polyaniline structures. Polymer International, 57, 1295–1325. DOI: 10.1001/pi.2476.
Sapurina, I., & Stejskal, J. (2009). Ternary composites of multi-wall carbon nanotubes, polyaniline, and noble-metal nanoparticles for potential applications in electrocatalysis. Chemical Papers, 63, 579–585. DOI: 10.2478/s11696-009-0061-3.
Sapurina, I. Yu., & Stejskal, J. (2011). The effect of pH on the oxidative polymerization of aniline and the morphology and properties of products. Russian Chemical Reviews, 79, 1123–1143. DOI: 10.1070/rc2010v079n12abeh004140.
Schnippering, M., Powell, H. V., Mackenzie, S. R., & Unwin, P. R. (2009). Real-time monitoring of polyaniline nanoparticle formation on surfaces. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113, 20221–20227. DOI: 10.1021/jp906771c.
Šeděnková, I., Prokeš, J., Trchová, M., & Stejskal, J. (2008a). Conformational transition in polyaniline films — Spectroscopic and conductivity studies of ageing. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93, 428–435. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.11.015.
Šeděnková, I., Trchová, M., Blinova, N. V., & Stejskal, J. (2006). In-situ polymerized polyaniline films. Preparation in solutions of hydrochloric, sulfuric, or phosphoric acid. Thin Solid Films, 515, 1640–1646. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2006.05.038.
Šeděnková, I., Trchová, M., & Stejskal, J. (2008b). Thermal degradation of polyaniline films prepared in solutions of strong and weak acids and in water — FTIR and Raman spectroscopic studies. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93, 2147–2157. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.08.007.
Šeděnková, I., Trchová, M., Stejskal, J., & Bok, J. (2007). Polymerization of aniline in the solutions of strong and weak acids: the evolution of infrared spectra and their interpretation using factor analysis. Applied Spectroscopy, 61, 1153–1162. DOI: 10.1366/000370207782597058.
Šeděnková, I., Trchová, M., Stejskal, J., & Prokeš, J. (2009). Solid-state reduction of silver nitrate with polyaniline base leading to conducting materials. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 1, 1906–1912. DOI: 10.1021/am900320t.
Shao, Y. Y., Sui, J. H., Yin, G. P., & Gao, Y. Z. (2008). Nitrogen-doped carbon nanostructures and their composites as catalytic materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 79, 89–99. DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.09.047.
Shenashen, M. A., Ayad, M. M., Salahuddin, N., & Youssif, M. A. (2010). Usage of quartz crystal microbalance technique to study the polyaniline films formation in the presence of pphenylenediamine. Reactive & Functional Polymers, 70, 843–848. DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.07.005.
Shishkanova, T. V., Matějka, P., Král, V., Šeděnková, I., Trchová, M., & Stejskal, J. (2008). Optimization of the thickness of a conducting polymer, polyaniline, deposited on the surface of poly(vinyl chloride) membranes: a new way to improve potentiometric response. Analytica Chimica Acta, 624, 238–246. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.07.001.
Shishkanova, T. V., Sapurina, I., Stejskal, J., Král, V., & Volf, R. (2005). Ion-selective electrodes: polyaniline modification and anion recognition. Analytica Chimica Acta, 553, 160–168. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.018.
Soto-Oviedo, M. A., Araújo, O. A., Faez, R., Rezende, M. C., & De Paoli, M. A. (2006). Antistatic coating and electromagnetic shielding properties of a hybrid material based on polyaniline/organoclay nanocomposite and EPDM rubber. Synthetic Metals, 156, 1249–1255. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2006.09.003.
Socrates, G. (2001). Infrared and Raman characteristic group frequencies. New York, NY, USA: Wiley.
Srivastava, S., Kumar, S., Singh, V. N., Singh, M., & Vijay, Y. K. (2011). Synthesis and characterization of TiO2 doped polyaniline composites for hydrogen gas sensing. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 6343–6355. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.01.141.
Stejskal, J. (2001). Colloidal dispersions of conducting polymers. Journal of Polymer Materials, 18, 225–258.
Stejskal, J. (2002). Conducting polymer nanospheres and nanocomposites. In R. Arshady, & A. Guyot (Eds.), Dendrimers, assemblies, nanocomposites (MML Series, Vol. 5, pp. 195–281). London, UK: Citus Books.
Stejskal, J., Bogomolova, O. E., Blinova, N. V., Trchová, M., Šeděnková, I., Prokeš, J., & Sapurina, I. (2009a). Mixed electron and proton conductivity of polyaniline films in aqueous solutions of acids: Beyond 1000 S cm−1 limit. Polymer International, 58, 872–879. DOI: 10.1002/pi.2605.
Stejskal, J., & Gilbert, R. G. (2002). Polyaniline. Preparation of a conducting polymer (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74, 857–867. DOI: 10.1351/pac200274050857.
Stejskal, J., Hlavatá, D., Holler, P., Trchová, M., Prokeš, J., & Sapurina, I. (2004). Polyaniline prepared in the presence of various acids: a conductivity study. Polymer International, 53, 294–300. DOI: 10.1002/pi.1406.
Stejskal, J., Kratochvíl, P., & Jenkins, A. D. (1995). Polyaniline forms and formation. Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, 60, 1747–1755. DOI: 10.1135/cccc19951747.
Stejskal, J., Kratochvíl, P., & Jenkins, A. D. (1996). The formation of polyaniline and the nature of its structures. Polymer, 37, 367–369. DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(96)81113-x.
Stejskal, J., Kratochvíl, P., & Radhakrishnan, N. (1993). Polyaniline dispersions 2. UV-Vis absorption spectra. Synthetic Metals, 61, 225–231. DOI: 10.1016/0379-6779(93)91266-5.
Stejskal, J., Prokeš, J., & Sapurina, I. (2009b). The reduction of silver ions with polyaniline: The effect of the type of polyaniline and the mole ratio of the reagents. Materials Letters, 63, 709–711. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2008.12.026.
Stejskal, J., & Sapurina, I. (2004). On the origin of colloidal particles in the dispersion polymerization of aniline. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 274, 489–495. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.02.053.
Stejskal, J., & Sapurina, I. (2005). Polyaniline: Thin films and colloidal dispersions (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 77, 815–826. DOI: 10.1351/pac200577050815.
Stejskal, J., & Sapurina, I. (2008). Polyaniline — A conducting polymer. In U. Schubert, N. Hüsing, & R. Laine (Eds.), Materials syntheses: A practical guide (pp 199–207). Vienna, Austria: Springer.
Stejskal, J., Sapurina, I., Prokeš, J., & Zemek, J. (1999a). In-situ polymerized polyaniline films. Synthetic Metals, 105, 195–202. DOI: 10.1016/s0379-6779(99)00105-8.
Stejskal, J., Sapurina, I., & Trchová, M. (2010a). Polyaniline nanostructures and the role of aniline oligomers in their formation. Progress in Polymer Science, 35, 1420–1481. DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.07.006.
Stejskal, J., Sapurina, I., Trchová, M., & Konyushenko, E. N. (2008a). Oxidation of aniline: Polyaniline granules, nanotubes, and oligoaniline microspheres. Macromolecules, 41, 3530–3536. DOI: 10.1021/ma702601q.
Stejskal, J., Sapurina, I., Trchová, M., Konyushenko, E. N., & Holler, P. (2006a). The genesis of polyaniline nanotubes. Polymer, 47, 8253–8262. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.10.007.
Stejskal, J., Špírkov P., & Prokeš, J. (1999b). Polyaniline dispersions 8. The control of particle morphology. Polymer, 40, 2487–2492. DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00478-9.
Stejskal, J., & Trchová, M. (2012). Aniline oligomers versus polyaniline. Polymer International, 61, 240–251. DOI: 10.1002/pi.3179.
Stejskal, J., Trchová, M., Brodinová, J., Kalenda, P., Fedorova, S. V., Prokeš, J., & Zemek, J. (2006b). Coating of zinc ferrite particles with a conducting polymer, polyaniline. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 298, 87–93. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.12.034.
Stejskal, J., Trchová, M., Brodinová, J., & Sapurina, I. (2007). Flame retardancy afforded by polyaniline deposited on wood. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 103, 24–30. DOI: 10.1002/app.23873.
Stejskal, J., Trchová, M., Brožová, L., & Prokeš, J. (2009c). Reduction of silver nitrate by polyaniline nanotubes to produce silver-polyaniline composites. Chemical Papers, 63, 77–83. DOI: 10.2478/s11696-008-0086-z.
Stejskal, J., Trchová, M., Fedorova, S., Sapurina, I., & Zemek, J. (2003). Surface polymerization of aniline on silica gel. Langmuir, 19, 3013–3018. DOI: 10.1021/la026672f.
Stejskal, J., Trchová, M., Hromádková, J., Kovřřová, J., & Kalendová, A. (2010b). The carbonization of colloidal polyaniline nanoparticles to nitrogen-containing carbon analogues. Polymer International, 59, 875–878. DOI: 10.1002/pi.2858.
Stejskal, J., Trchová, M., Kovřřová, J., Brožová, L., & Prokeš, J. (2009d). The reduction of silver nitrate with various polyaniline salts to polyaniline-silver composites. Reactive & Functional Polymers, 69, 86–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2008.11.004.
Stejskal, J., Trchová, M., Kovřřová, J., Prokeš, J., & Omastová, M. (2008b). Polyaniline-coated cellulose fibers decorated with silver nanoparticles. Chemical Papers, 62, 181–186. DOI: 10.2478/s11696-008-0009-z.
Stejskal, J., Trchová, M., & Sapurina, I. (2005). Flameretardant effect of polyaniline coating deposited on cellulose fibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 98, 2347–2354. DOI: 10.1002/app.22144.
Strong, V., Wang, Y., Patatanyan, A., Whitten, P. G., Spinks, G. M., Wallace, G. G., & Kaner, R. B. (2011). Direct submicrometer patterning of nanostructured conducting polymer films via a low-energy infrared laser. Nano Letters, 11, 3128–3135. DOI: 10.1021/nl2011593.
Sun, L. J., Liu, X. X., Lau, K. K. T., Chen, L., & Gu, W. M. (2008). Electrodeposited hybrid films of polyaniline and manganese oxide in nanofibrous structures for electrochemical supercapacitor. Electrochimica Acta, 53, 3036–3042. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.11.034.
Surwade, S. P., Agnihotra, S. R., Dua, V., Manohar, N., Jain, S., Ammu, S., & Manohar, S. K. (2009a). Catalyst-free synthesis of oligoanilines and polyaniline nanofibers using H2O2. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131, 12528–12529. DOI: 10.1021/ja905014e.
Surwade, S. P., Dua, V., Manohar, N., Manohar, S. K., Beck, E., & Ferrari, J. P. (2009b). Oligoaniline intermediates in the aniline-peroxydisulfate system. Synthetic Metals, 159, 445–455. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2008.11.002.
Surwade, S. P., Manohar, N., & Manohar, S. K. (2009c). Origin of bulk nanoscale morphology in conducting polymers. Macromolecules, 42, 1792–1795. DOI: 10.1021/ma900141g.
Sutar, D. S., Padma, N., Aswal, D. K., Deshpande, S. K., Gupta, S. K., & Yakhmi, J. V. (2007). Growth of highly oriented crystalline polyaniline films by self-organization. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 313, 353–358. DOI:10.1016/j.jcis.2007.04.051.
Sutar, D. S., Tewari, R., Dey, G. K., Gupta, S. K., & Yakhmi, J. V. (2009). Morphology and structure of highly crystalline polyaniline films. Synthetic Metals, 159, 1067–1071. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2009.01.030.
Tagowska, M., Pałys, B., & Jackowska, K. (2004). Polyaniline nanotubules—anion effect on conformation and oxidation state of polyaniline studied by Raman spectroscopy. Synthetic Metals, 142, 223–229. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2003.09.001.
Tai, Q. D., Chen, B. L., Guo, F., Xu, S., Hu, H., Sebo, B., & Zhao, X. Z. (2011). In situ prepared transparent polyaniline electrode and its application in bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Nano, 5, 3795–3799. DOI: 10.1021/nn200133g.
Tan, F. R., Qu, S. C., Wu, J., Wang, Z. J., **, L., Bi, Y., Cao, J., Liu, K., Zhang, J. M., & Wang, Z. G. (2011). Electrodeposited polyaniline films decorated with nano-islands: Characterization and application as anode buffer layers in solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 95, 440–445. DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.08.028.
Tang, J. S., **g, X. B., Wang, B. C., & Wang, F. S. (1988). Infrared spectra of soluble polyaniline. Synthetic Metals, 24, 231–238. DOI: 10.1016/0379-6779(88)90261-5.
Tao, X. Y., Wang, X., Wie, Q., & Wu, Q. Y. (2007). Rapid formation of nanosized polyaniline membranes on surface modified glass substrates. Journal of Macromolecular Science A: Pure and Applied Chemistry, 44, 351–354. DOI: 10.1080/10601320601077575.
Tian, Z. Q. (2005). Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: advancements and applications. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 36, 466–470. DOI: 10.1002/jrs.1378.
Tockary, T. A., Asijati, W. E., & Soebianto, Y. S. (2008). Model of in situ polyaniline film coating on mylar: Influence of aniline polymerization parameters. Journal of Applied Sciences, 8, 2041–2049. DOI: 10.3923/jas.2008.2041.2049.
Tran, H. D., D’Arcy, J. M., Wang, Y., Beltramo, P. J., Strong, V. A., & Kaner, R. B. (2011). The oxidation of aniline to produce “polyaniline”: a process yielding many different nanoscale structures. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21, 3534–3550. DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02699a.
Tran, H. D., Li, D., & Kaner, R. B. (2009). One-dimensional conducting polymer nanostructures: Bulk synthesis and applications. Advanced Materials, 21, 1487–1499. DOI: 10.1002/adma.200802289.
Travain, S. A., de Souza, N. C., Balogh, D. T., & Giacometti, J. A. (2007). Study of the growth process of in situ polyaniline deposited films. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 316, 292–297. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.08.024.
Travers, J. P., Sixou, B., Berner, D., Wolter, A., Rannou, P., Beau, B., Pépin-Donat, B., Barthet, C., Guglielmi, M., Mermilliod, N., Gilles, B., Djurado, D., Attias, A. J., & Vautrin, M. (1999). Is granularity the determining feature for electron transport in conducting polymers? Synthetic Metals, 101, 359–362. DOI: 10.1016/s0379-6779(98)00354-3.
Trchová, M., Konyushenko, E. N., Stejskal, J., Kovřřová, J., & Ćirić-Marjanović, G. (2009). The conversion of polyaniline nanotubes to nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes and their comparison with multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 94, 929–938. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.001.
Trchová, M., Matějka, P., Brodinová, J., Kalendová, A., Prokeš, J., & Stejskal, J. (2006a). Structural and conductivity changes during the pyrolysis of polyaniline base. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 91, 114–121. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.022.
Trchová, M., Sapurina, I., Prokeš, J., & Stejskal, J. (2003). FTIR spectroscopy of ordered polyaniline films. Synthetic Metals, 135, 305–306. DOI: 10.1016/s0379-6779(02)00570-2.
Trchová, M., Šeděnková, I., Konyushenko, E. N., Stejskal, J., Holler, P., & Ćirić-Marjanović G. (2006b). Evolution of polyaniline nanotubes: The oxidation of aniline in water. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110, 9461–9468. DOI: 10.1021/jp057528g.
Trchová, M., Šeděnková, I., & Stejskal, J. (2005). In-situ polymerized polyaniline films 6. FTIR spectroscopic study of aniline polymerization. Synthetic Metals, 154, 1–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.07.001.
Trchová, M., Šeděnková, I., Tobolková, E., & Stejskal, J. (2004). FTIR spectroscopic and conductivity study of the thermal degradation of polyaniline films. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 86, 179–185. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.04.011.
Trchová, M., & Stejskal, J. (2011). Polyaniline: The infrared spectroscopy of conducting polymer nanotubes (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 83, 1803–1817. DOI: 10.1351/pac-rep-10-02-01.
Trivedi, D. C. (1997). Polyanilines. In H. S. Nalwa (Ed.), Handbook of organic conductive molecules and polymers (Vol. 2, pp. 505–572). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Trivedi, D. C., & Dhawan, S. K. (1993). Shielding of electromagnetic interference using polyaniline. Synthetic Metals, 59, 267–272. DOI: 10.1016/0379-6779(93)91036-2.
Tseng, R. J., Baker, C. O., Shedd, B., Huang, J. X., Kaner R. B., Ouyang, J. Y., & Yang, Y. (2007). Charge transfer effect in the polyaniline-gold nanoparticle memory system. Applied Physics Letters, 90(5), 053101. DOI: 10.1063/1.2434167.
Venancio, E. C., Wang, P. C., & MacDiarmid, A. G. (2006). The azanes: A class of material incorporating nano/micro self-assembled hollow spheres obtained by aqueous oxidative polymerization of aniline. Synthetic Metals, 156, 357–369. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.08.035.
Venancio, E. C., Wang, P. C., Toledo, O. Y., & MacDiarmid, A. G. (2007). First preparation of optical quality films of nano/micro hollow spheres of polymers of aniline. Synthetic Metals, 157, 758–763. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2007.08.006.
Wallace, G. G., Spinks, G. M., Kane-Maguire, L. A. P., & Teasdale, P. R. (2003). Conductive electroactive polymers: Intelligent materials systems (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
Wan, M. X. (2009). Some issues related to polyaniline micro-/nanostructures. Macromolecular Rapid Communication, 30, 963–975. DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800817.
Wang, C. H., Chen, C. C., Hsu, H. C., Du, H. Y., Chen, C. P., Hwang, J. Y., Chen, L. C., Shih, H. C., Stejskal, J., & Chen, K. H. (2009). Low methanol-permeable polyaniline/Nafion composite membrane for direct methanol fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources, 190, 279–284. DOI:10.1016/j.powsour.2008.12.125.
Wang, P. C., Huang, Z., & MacDiarmid, A. G. (1999). Critical dependency of conductivity of polypyrrole and polyaniline films on the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the substrate surface. Synthetic Metals, 101, 852–853. DOI: 10.1016/s0379-6779(98)01329-0.
Wang, H. L., MacDiarmid, A. G., Wang, Y. Z., Gebier, D. D., & Epstein, A. J. (1996). Application of polyaniline (emeraldine base, EB) in polymer light-emitting devices. Synthetic Metals, 78, 33–37. DOI: 10.1016/0379-6779(95)03569-6.
Washburn, E. W. (Ed.) (1929). International critical tables of numerical data: Physics, chemistry and technology (Vol. 6, pp. 241). London, UK: McGraw-Hill.
Wei, Z. X., Wan, M. X., Lin, T., & Dai, L. M. (2003). Polyaniline nanotubes doped with sulfonated carbon nanotubes made via a self-assembly process. Advanced Materials, 15, 136–139. DOI: 10.1002/adma.200390027.
Willner, I., Willner, B., & Katz, E. (2007). Biomolecule-nanoparticle hybrid systems for bioelectronic applications. Bioelectrochemistry, 70, 2–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2006.03.013.
Wu, C. G., Hsiao, H. T., & Yeh, Y. R. (2001a). Electroless surface polymerization of polyaniline films on aniline primed ITO electrodes: a simple method to fabricate good modified anodes for polymeric light emitting diodes. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 11, 2287–2292. DOI: 10.1039/b102084f.
Wu, G., Li, L., Li, J. H., & Xu, B. Q. (2005a). Polyanilinecarbon composite films as supports of Pt and PtRu particles for methanol electrooxidation. Carbon, 43, 2579–2587. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2005.05.011.
Wu, T. M., Lin, Y. W., & Liao, C. S. (2005b). Preparation and characterization of polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites. Carbon, 43, 734–740. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.10.043
Wu, G., More, K. L., Johnston, C. M., & Zelenay, P. (2011). High-performance electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction derived from polyaniline, iron, and cobalt. Science, 332, 443–447. DOI: 10.1126/science.1200832.
Wu, G., Swaidan, R., Li, D. Y., & Li, N. (2008). Enhanced methanol electro-oxidation activity of PtRu catalysts supported on heteroatom-doped carbon. Electrochimica Acta, 53, 7622–7629. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.03.082.
Wu, A. M., Venancio, E. C., & MacDiarmid, A. G. (2007). Polyaniline and polypyrrole oxygen reversible electrodes. Synthetic Metals, 157, 303–310. DOI: 10.1016/synthmet.2007.03.008.
Wu, C. G., Yeh, Y. R., Chen, J. Y., & Chiou, Y. H. (2001b). Electroless surface polymerization of ordered conducting polyaniline films on aniline-primed substrates. Polymer, 42, 2877–2885. DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00582-6.
Yang, M. M., Cheng, B., Song, H. H., & Chen, X. H. (2010). Preparation and electrochemical performance of polyaniline-based carbon nanotubes as electrode material for supercapacitor. Electrochimica Acta, 55, 7021–7027. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.06.077.
Yeh, Y. R., Hsiao, H. T., & Wu, C. G. (2001). The application of in-situ prepared polyaniline film as a hole blocking layer in polymeric organic light emitting diode. Synthetic Metals, 121, 1651–1652. DOI: 10.1016/s0379-6779(00)00878-x.
Yin, J. B, **a, X., **ang, L. Q., & Zhao, X. P. (2010). Conductivity and polarization of carbonaceous nanotubes derived from polyaniline nanotubes and their electrorheology when dispersed in silicone oil. Carbon, 48, 2958–2967. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2010.04.035.
Zeng, X. R., & Ko, T. M. (1998). Structures and properties of chemically reduced polyanilines. Polymer, 39, 1187–1195. DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)00381-9.
Zhang, W., Cheng, Y. M., Yin, X., & Liu, B. (2011a). Solidstate dye-sensitized solar cells with conjugated polymers as hole-transpoting materials. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 212, 15–23. DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000489.
Zhang, X. Y., Goux, W. J., & Manohar, S. K. (2004). Synthesis of polyaniline nanofibers by “nanofiber seeding”. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126, 4502–4503. DOI:10.1021/ja031867a.
Zhang, Y., Jiang, X. Q., Zhang, R. R., Sun, P. P., & Zhou, Y. M. (2011b). Influence of the nanostructure on charge transport in polyaniline films. Electrochimica Acta, 56, 3264–3269. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.01.032.
Zhang, J. X., Liu, C., & Shi, G. Q. (2005). Raman spectroscopic study on the structural changes of polyaniline during heating and cooling processes. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 96, 732–739. DOI: 10.1002/app.21520.
Zhang, L. J., Peng, H., Zujovic, Z. D., Kilmartin, P. A., & Travas-Sejdic, J. (2007). Characterization of polyaniline nanotubes formed in the presence of amino acids. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 208, 1210–1217. DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700013.
Zhang, L. J., & Wan, M. X. (2003). Self-assembly of polyaniline: From nanotubes to hollow microspheres. Advanced Functional Materials, 13, 815–820. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.200304458.
Zhang, D. H., & Wang, Y. Y. (2006). Synthesis and applications of one-dimensional nano-structured polyaniline. Material Science and Engineering B, 134, 9–19. DOI: 10.1016/j.mseb.2006.07.037.
Zhang, Z. M., Wang, L. Q., Deng, J. Y., & Wan, M. X. (2008a). Self-assembled nanostructures of polyaniline doped with poly(3-thiophenacetic acid). Reactive & Functional Polymers, 68, 1081–1087. DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2008.02.010.
Zhang, H. B., Wang, J. X., Wang, Z., Zhang, F. B., & Wang, S. C. (2009). Electrodeposition of polyaniline nanostructures: A lamellar structure. Synthetic Metals, 159, 277–281. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2008.09.015.
Zhang, L. X., Zhang, L. J., & Wan, M. X. (2008b). Molybdic acid doped polyaniline micro/nanostructures via a selfassembly process. European Polymer Journal, 44, 2040–2045. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.04.046.
Zhang, L. J., Zujovic, Z. D., Peng, H., Bowmaker, G. A., Kilmartin, P. A., & Travas-Sejdic, J. (2008c). Structural characteristics of polyaniline nanotubes synthesized from different buffer solutions. Macromolecules, 41, 8877–8884. DOI: 10.1021/ma801728j.
Zhao, W. J., Ma, L., & Lu, K. (2007a). Facile synthesis of polyaniline nanofibers in the presence of polyethylene glycol. Journal of Polymer Research, 14, 1–4. DOI: 10.1007/s10965-006-9069-3.
Zhao, C., **ng, S. X., Yu, Y. H., Zhang, W. J., & Wang, C. (2007b). A novel all-plastic diode based upon pure polyaniline material. Microelectronics Journal, 38, 316–320. DOI: 10.1016/j.mejo.2007.01.004.
Zheng, W., Angelopoulos, M., Epstein, A. J., & MacDiarmid, A. G. (1997). Experimental evidence for hydrogen bonding in polyaniline: Mechanism of aggregate formation and dependency on oxidation state. Macromolecules, 30, 2953–2955. DOI: 10.1021/ma9700136.
Zhong, W. B., Wang, Y. X., Yan, Y., Sun, Y. F., Deng, J. P., & Yang, W. T. (2007). Fabrication of shape-controllable polyaniline micro/nanostructures on organic polymer surfaces: Obtaining spherical particles, wires, and ribbons. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 111, 3918–3926. DOI: 10.1021/jp0678296.
Zhou, Y. K., He, B. L., Zhou, W. J., & Li, H. L. (2004). Preparation and electrochemistry of SWNT/PANI composite films for electrochemical capacitors. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 151, A1052–A1057. DOI: 10.1149/1.1758812.
Zujovic, Z. D., Laslau, C., & Travas-Sejdic, J. (2011). Lamellarstructured nanoflakes comprised of stacked oligoaniline nanosheets. Chemistry — An Asian Journal, 6, 791–796. DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000703.
Zujovic, Z. D., Zhang, L. J., Bowmaker, G. A., Kilmartin, P. A., & Travas-Sejdic, J. (2008). Self-assembled, nanostructured aniline oxidation products: A structural investigation. Macromolecules, 41, 3125–3135. DOI: 10.1021/ma071650r.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Trchová, M., Morávková, Z., Šeděnková, I. et al. Spectroscopy of thin polyaniline films deposited during chemical oxidation of aniline. Chem. Pap. 66, 415–445 (2012). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-012-0142-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-012-0142-6